1. GIS Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning
Civil Engineering Department
2nd Semester 2008/2009

2. Introduction to the Architecture of ArcGIS

3. What is ArcGIS? ArcGIS Desktop is a software product from ESRI
It comes in three versions:
ArcView – basic desktop package,
ArcEditor – ArcView +Advanced editing,
ArcInfo – ArcEditor + Comprehensive Geoprocessing,

4. Components of Arc GIS All installation levels of Arc GIS come with
ArcMap (now includes toolbox in Arc 9.0)
ArcCatalog
ArcInfo installation
ArcInfo Workstation
ArcReader
ArcObjects Developer Tools
ArcScene

5. Components of Arc GIS How do you access these?
Go to the start menu>>programs>>ArcGIS

6. ArcCatalog for organizing and managing spatial and tabular data
Main menu
Standard Toolbar
Catalog tree
Catalog display

7. This button allows you to connect to a local folder or a network place
In this course, all data and work will be stored

8. Arc Catalog
Once you’ve mapped your network drive, you can open an Arc Catalog connection to it, or to a subfolder in it

9. Arc Catalog
For instance, here are the contents of my nr143 folder on my Z account, which I made a connection to:

10. Arc Catalog There are five types of data shown here Geodatabase
Coverage
Tabular data
Arc Map Project file
Shapefile

11. Data types Shapefile: native file format for the ArcView 3.x;
Coverage: native file format for old ArcInfo 7.x Is not a file, but a complex directory structure
Dbase/tabular data: non-spatial data table that can be used in a GIS, spreadsheet or database--.dbf
Map document: a project file—it stores your map view and preferences in ArcGIS

12. Data types
Geodatabase: This is ArcGIS’s new data model for storing geographic information
It can contain any number of layers within it, known as “feature classes.” Shapefile have only one feature class
As an example, here is a geodatabase with three layers, as seen in Arc Catalog

13. Feature classes
In a geodatabase there are features classes for points, lines and areas (polygons) as well as for rasters (surfaces), annotation (labels) and dimensions
Polygon, or area feature class
Line, or arc feature class
Annotation class: stores info about displaying labels on a map layer; important for roads and utilities

14. Feature dataset
Feature dataset: a thematic grouping of feature classes
Feature classes can be stand alone
Feature data sets
Feature classes

15. Geodatabase Geodatabases offer numerous advantages:
Multiple spatial layers and non-spatial data sources can be stored in a single file and organized thematically
Rules can be easily defined that can apply to all classes
These rules can include relationships between layers
For instance if you have one subclass with water lines and one with water valves, you can ensure that if you move a water line, the water valve that connects that line will move as well, or it ensures that, say, if the material attribute for a water line is set to copper, the water valves that connect to it will also be copper

16. Geodatabase Other advantages:
Spatial layers maintain the same measurement and geographic reference systems, because new layers added to the geodatabase can “inherent” properties of existing ones
Labeling “behavior” can be stored as an annotation feature class, making it easier to keep labels consistent
“Domains” can be established, which specify the valid ranges of values for attributes, which reduces input error.

17. Geodatabase Types: Personal or multiple user
We will use personal geodatabases. These are actually Microsoft Access files with the .MDB file extension.
A multi-user (SDE) geodatabase is for organizations that wish to have many people accessing the same database. These are used with enterprise database systems, like Oracle, Informix or SQL Server

18. Personal Geodatabase
With Access you can edit and query attribute tables and manage relationships between feature classes
But it can only be viewed spatially in ArcGIS

19. Arc Catalog: data management
Arc Catalog is where you can create and modify geodatabases.
You can create new feature classes, tables or relationship classes within a geodatabase
You can also import existing shapefiles or coverages into a geodatabase or export a feature class to a shapefile

20. Arc Catalog: data management
Through right clicking, you can access the properties of a feature subclass and make changes to fields for the feature class’ attribute table

21. Arc Catalog: Online data
Arc Catalog also allows you to access some data directly from the Internet
It comes preloaded with a connection to the Geography Network, where many layers are available through the Arc Internet Map Server (IMS) service ; other Internet connections can be added

22. Arc Catalog: Online data
Geography
network data

23. Arc Catalog: Functionality
Arc Catalog allows you to preview geographic data, including geodatabase feature classes
Use these buttons to zoom and pan

24. Arc Catalog: Functionality
You can also preview online data sets, like those from the geography network

25. Arc Catalog:Functionality
…and you can preview and browse tabular attribute data

26. Arc Catalog: Functionality
Preview, create and modify the “metadata,” or data about the data
Arc Catalog standardizes this information and allows you to import and export metadata between layers

27. Arc Map
Arc Map is where you’ll do most of your mapping and visualization of spatial data
This is the default upper tool and menu bar
Change map’s display scale (zoom factor)
Zoom to full extent
Find feature
Zoom tools
Add new layer
measure
Select feature

28. Arc Map: overlaying data
Using the add data button, you can overlay any number of layers for which geographic reference information exists.
Display Window
TOC

29. Arc Map: overlaying data
The window on the left side of Arc Map is the Table of Contents, where loaded layers are listed
There are 2 modes for the TOC: display and source
Display: note that it gives a symbol for the feature type
Source mode: can see that the first 3 layers are from 1 geodatabase and the fourth is from a stand alone file
TOC

30. Arc Map: properties
You can access many functions by right clicking on the layer in the TOC.
You can access, edit and query attribute tables from a special interface

31. Arc Map: Layer properties
You can access layer properties by double clicking on that layer: much functionality is found there

32. Arc Map: Layouts Arc Map can view in two modes:
data view: for viewing, analyzing and manipulating data
layout view: for laying out data for presentation

33. Arc Map: Measurement Units
Map and Display units.
With reference info
Map units are already set; Display units are still changeable
Without reference info
Define map units (This turns into guesswork)

34. Arc Map: Units
Once you’ve set display units, future geographic measurement functions should be in those units, even if they’re different from the Map units; however, this does not apply to non-spatial attribute values
If you use the ruler tool for instance, measurements will be in the selected Display units at the bottom of the page

35. Arc Map: Scale
Translation factor between one unit on the map and same unit in the real world
map units: ground units (ratio)
1:10,000:1 inch equals 10,000 inches in real world
Scale is a dimensionless number

36. Large vs. Small Scale Large scale Lots of detail Shows small features
No much detail
Shows large features

37. Large vs. Small Scale USA 1:21,197,708 1:3,125,078
Washington State
1:21,197,708
1:3,125,078
Clark County, Washington
highway interchange
Clark County, Washington
1:30,137
1:5,269

38. ArcGIS: Extensions Specialized applications Spatial Analyst
3D Analyst
Spatial Analyst
Geostatistical Analyst
Tracking Analyst, X Tools…
Others…

39. ArcGIS: Extensions
Activate by going to Tools>>extensions

40. Arc Map: toolbars
When you load Arc Map it defaults to a state with a minimum of toolbars. You can add more toolbars representing more functionality, including extensions from the view menu.

41. Arc Toolbox
Used to be a separate interface, now part of ArcMap

42. Arc Toolbox
Advanced Analyses
Extract
Overlay
Proximity
Statistics

43. Arc Toolbox Change formats from one file type to another …
Data Conversions
Change formats from one file type to another …

44. Arc Toolbox
Data Management
A collection of tools for data management…

45. Arc Scene
Primarily for viewing 3D data

46. An Introduction to the Vector Data Model and Map Layout Techniques
Lecture 3b
An Introduction to the Vector Data Model and Map Layout Techniques

47. Reviewing Vector Data Types
Three basic “feature” or “object” types
Point
Arc
Polygon
A layer holds a single feature type

48. Reviewing Vector Data Types
Attribute table
Attribute types
Nominal attributes: descriptive information
Ordinal attributes: rank order or scale
Interval/ratio attributes: numeric items, order, magnitude of difference

49. Point Feature ID X,Y Coordinates
A point layer: a collection of records with (x,y) coordinates 6 2 ID
X,Y Coordinates 1
2,2 2
3,6 3
5,5 4
6,3 … 10
4,1
3,6 5 3
5,5 4 3 4
6,3 2 1
2,2 1 10
4,1 1 2 3 4 5 6

50. Line (Arc) Feature Feature has length but not area Straight or curved
Lines connect a set of vertices and nodes
Feature is the ARC, not the line segments
Arcs meet at nodes
Vertices
Line segment
Node
Node

51. Line (Arc) Feature
Each point has a unique location

52. Polygon Feature Area of homogenous phenomena
In a polygon layer, lines (arcs) define areas
Closed region – first and last coordinate pairs are in the same location
Line segments bound the polygon
Lines (Arcs)
Points

53. TOPOLOGY (for vector data)
What is topology?
Why is important?
Three types of topological models in GIS
Spatial operations of topology
Contiguity
Connectivity
Trade-offs of topological structure
Application model
Triangular Irregular Network (TIN):Vector-based GIS

54. Spatial features and spatial relationships
Spatial features in maps
Points, lines and polygons
Human being interprets additional information from maps about the spatial relationships between features
A route trace from an airport to a house
Land contiguity adjacent to streets along which the lands are located

55. The definition of Topology
The spatial relationships can be interpreted
identification of connecting lines along a path
definition of the areas enclosed within these lines
identification of contiguous areas
In digital maps, these relationships are depicted using ‘Topology’
Topology = A mathematical procedure for explicitly defining spatial relationship
Topology is the description of how the spatial objects are related with spatial meaning

56. Topology
Definition1: Explicit encoding of spatial relationships between objects: the spatial location of each point, line and polygon is defined in relation to each other
Definition2: Topology is a collection of rules and relationships that enables the geodatabase to more accurately model geometric relationships found in the world.

57. Why Topology Two major purposes Allows for powerful analysis tools
Quality control mechanism

58. Types of Vector Topology
Arc-node topology
Polygon topology
Route topology
Region topology

59. Arc-node & Node Topology
Connectivity analysis
Arc-node Topology
Arc-node List
Direction

60. Polygon-arc Topology Polygon-arc Topology Polygon-arc List
The order does matter!

61. Polygon-arc Topology
Adjacency
External polygon

62. Define paths based on series of arcs
Route Topology
Define paths based on series of arcs

64. Quality control and topology
Ensuring “logical consistency”
Define complex and nuanced rules governing spatial relationships of features
Data quality
Single layer quality control
Mutli-Layer quality control

65. Rules for spatial relationships
Say we have the following layers: parcels, sidewalks, right of way boundaries, building footprints, zoning
Rules for spatial relationships
Lots must be enclosed polygons
Buildings must be entirely within a lot
Sidewalks must be outside a parcel polygon and entirely within the public right of way
Lots must fall entirely within a single zoning class
All lots must have access to a right of way

66. Quality control and topology
Single layer quality control
undershoot
Dangles
sliver polygon
overshoot
does not share a border

67. Quality control and topology
Mutli-Layer quality control: Defining spatial rules between layers
Polygon rules: e.g. Must Be Covered by Feature Class of
Line rules: e.g. Must not Self Intersect
Point rules: e.g. Must be Properly Inside Polygons
ArcCatalog includes new tools for defining and validating topology rules
(Book: Building a geodatabase)

68. Spaghetti Data Model Non-topological data model
Lecture 3b
Spaghetti Data Model
Non-topological data model
Collections of line segments and points
Only stores features coordinates
No real connection, topology or relationships
Not for spatial analysis
Generally come from CAD files or digitizing
Can “clean” these data, using user-defined tolerances

69. Topological data models
Three types of topological concepts
Arc, Node and polygon topologies
Arc
Arcs have directions and left and right polygons (=contiguity)
Node
Nodes link arcs with start and end nodes (=connectivity)
Polygon
Arcs that connect to surround an area define a polygon (=area definition)

70. Terms and concepts Connectivity - from and to nodes
Contiguity - Polygon Enclosure
Adjacency - from Direction To
Node
Arc
Right
Polygon
Left
Polygon
From
Node

71. Spatial operations of topology
Connectivity and contiguity
A basic, but core spatial analysis operations in GIS
Contiguity
A city planner might be interested in zoning conflicts such as industrial zones bordering recreation areas
Connectivity
Transportation network, telecommunication systems, river systems
To find optimum routings or most efficient delivery routes or the fastest travel route
To estimate water flow at a bridge crossing that will result from heavy flood

72. Trade-offs of topology
Advantages
Spatial data is stored more efficiently
Analysis process faster and efficient for large data sets
By topological relationships, we can perform spatial analysis functions,
Modelling flow through the connection of lines in a network (i.e. buffering)
Combining adjacent polygons with similar characteristics (i.e. spatial merge)
Overlaying geographical features (i.e. spatial overlay)

73. Disadvantages Extra cost and time Additional batch job working
creating topological structure does impose a cost
Topology should be always updated when a new map or existing map is updated
Additional batch job working
To avoid the extra efforts, GIS systems need to run a batch job (i.e. a process that can be run without user interactions); 70% of total GIS costs
Autoexec.bat in DOS
Macro languages such as AML (Arc/Info), Avenue (ArcView), MapBasic (MapInfo) and etc

74. Conclusions of topology
When topology is created, we can identify
Know its positions of spatial features
Know what is around it
Understand its geographical characteristics by virtue of recognising its surroundings
Know how to get from A to B

75. Metadata
Metadata is ‘data about data’. It should include such information as:-
The origin of the data source
When the dataset was created
Who created / modified it
Data coverage and scale
Accuracy and precision
Ownership, copyright and restrictions on use
Dataset file location
Critical to maintaining an effective GIS

76. Map Layouts and Cartographic Representation
Lecture 3b
Map Layouts and Cartographic Representation

77. Lecture 3b
Map Compilation
Map Elements?

78. Map Compilation Title Legend Neatline Data frame North arrow Scale bar
Lecture 3b
Map Compilation
Title
Legend
Neatline
Data frame
North arrow
Scale bar
Notes

79. Lecture 3b
Layouts
Create a map for layout in ArcMap Layout view View>>Layout view.

80. Map Compilation Other map elements Legend Title North arrow Scale bar
Lecture 3b
Map Compilation
Geographic features
Other map elements
Legend
Title
North arrow
Scale bar
Author
Neatline
Source of data
Other objects…

81. Lecture 3b
Layouts
Legends are edited in the Legends property window: Accessed by double clicking the legends.
Give a title, e.g. land use
Symbol editing

82. Legends editing: Items
Lecture 3b
Layouts
Legends editing: Items
Item
Style
Symbol

83. Legends editing: Frame
Lecture 3b
Layouts
Legends editing: Frame
Frame

84. Legends editing: Size and position
Lecture 3b
Layouts
Legends editing: Size and position
Size&Position

85. More than one frames can be shown in layout view
ArcMap: data frame
More than one frames can be shown in layout view
Frame 1
Frame 2

86. Create a new view or “data frame” in ArcMap
Layouts: data frame
Create a new view or “data frame” in ArcMap

87. Access and edit data frame properties
Layouts: data frame
Access and edit data frame properties

88. Mxd files are project files
Lecture 3b
MXD Files
Mxd files are project files
Save your layout
All other preferences
Data is not included
With an extension .mxd
File >> Save (As)

89. Layer Files Save symbology and setting
Lecture 3b
Layer Files
Save symbology and setting
Primarily for saving legend setting
Opening a layer file will open the data layer with all the preferences saved
With an extension .lyr

90. Use layer files when you have lots of non-numeric categories
Lecture 3b
Layer Files
Use layer files when you have lots of non-numeric categories

91. Create a layer file in ArcCatalog
Lecture 3b
Layer Files
Create a layer file in ArcCatalog

92. Create a layer file in ArcMap
Lecture 3b
Layer Files
Create a layer file in ArcMap

93. Import a layer file’s symbology in properties
Lecture 3b
Layer Files
Import a layer file’s symbology in properties