Independence For Latin America

Independence For Latin America

Revolutions in America
Plantation Creoles Mestizos Joseph Bonaparte Cabildos

Revolutions in America
The United States Revolution paved the way for many other revolutions Why did the revolutions happen? Life in the 1700s Rigid social classes Highest social class born in Europe Enjoyed social privileges and controlled most of the wealth Plantation owners Plantation is a large farm Creoles born in the America Parents born in Spain Rich and well educated, not trusted Jealous of the Spaniards Mestizos Part Indian Part Spanish Crafts People and shop owners Few were rich

The Lower Classes Indians Made up the majority of the population Had little to do with society Personal servants and laborers Poor and had few Rights Africans—slaves Property of their owners The three lower classes made up the majority of the people living in Spanish America Poor Few rights Little chance at an education Class systems varied from colony to colony but the general situation was the same.

What Events Inspired Spanish America?
Enlightenment Locke and Voltaire American Revolution Colonies win French Revolution All of these events led the people in Spanish America to demand their own rights

French Help 1799 a revolutionary leader came into power
Napoleon Bonaparte 1808 Invades Spain Joseph Bonaparte is placed on the throne of Spain This event allowed the Spanish colonies to declare independence with out being disloyal to the king Revolutions broke out in 1810 with local governments Cabildos—small governments or city councils The time was right to declare independence from Spain Caracas- Venezuela Buenos Aires-Capital of La Plata Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay Bogata-New Grenada Quito-Ecuador Santiago-Chile All of these revolutions began with Cabildos Mexico is the only exception Started by a Creole Priest

Quiz 1 If your parents were born in Spain and you were born in Latin America what are you? Indian + Spaniard = City council in Latin America Large farm The brother of Napoleon Creole Mestizo Cabildos Plantation Joseph Bonaparte

Baukman and Haiti Hispaniola Mulattos Voodoo Maroons Baukman Machetes
Night of Fire

Haiti Prior to 1791 French Colony called St. Domingue
Western third of Hispaniola Richest colony in the Caribbean Taken over in the late 1600’s by the French 18th Century African Slaves were brought to the colonies Sugar, coffee, cotton and indigo. Indigo is a deep blue dye used in cotton The French landowners became very wealthy Need for more land and slaves 700,000 slaves 35,000 French 40,000 mulattos French fathers, slave mothers

Hispaniola

The beginning of Revolution
French to Slave Ratio 20-1 Why didn’t the slaves rebel? The French controlled all the guns The slaves didn’t stand a chance August 1791 Maroons were hiding in the mountains practicing Voodoo Maroons-escaped slaves Drums beating celebrating a voodoo rite A revolution was being planned A priest named Boukman led the ceremony Leaders of the slaves from across Plain du Nord

Baukman A foreman who ran field crews, worked his way up to a coachman
Boukman was a huge man that commanded respect He inspired his followers by telling them that if they die during the rebellion they would wake up in Africa One week later August 22 50,000 Slaves rose up armed with scythes and machetes Machetes-a large heavy knife used to cut sugarcane and brush Killed and tortured plantation owners and their families Set fires to everything The night became as bright as day All plantations in Plain du Nord were destroyed Called the Night of Fire

The Struggle Continues
Boukman’s uprising surprised the French The French soldiers fought back even harder Thousands of slaves were killed The rest were chased into hiding St Domingue is divided into two parts Mountains-slaves Coastal towns- French soldiers and planters and officials The uprising spread to the western part of the island and was largely controlled Boukman was killed in “battle” (beheaded) Head publicly displayed Boukman was replaced by Biassou and Jean Francois

Quiz 2 Boukman Maroon Mulatto Night of Fire Machete
Who was the leader of the rebellion in Hispaniola What is an escaped slave called French father + slave mother= The night where all of the plantations in Plain du Nord were burned A deadly weapon in the hands of a slave Boukman Maroon Mulatto Night of Fire Machete

Toussaint L’Ouverture in Haiti
Guerilla Army Napoleon Bonaparte General Leclerc Dessalines Yellow Fever

Toussaint l’ouverture
Francois Dominique Toussaint Added l’Ouverture to the end of his last name Born 1743 on a plantation in Northern St. Domingue His father was an African chief captured Legend Taught him that knowledge is power Step-Father taught him how to get power Taught him how to read and write in French and Latin How to use herbs and plants for healing Did not participate in the Night of Fire When the rebellion reached his plantation Family first Family of the plantation manager Joined the revolution

Early in the revolution
Toussaint was a doctor Then began giving military advise and medical care Toussaint urged leaders to teach the troops discipline Stop destroying everything Use the things to help themselves Toussaint is made a commander Taught the soldiers discipline Trained them like professional soldiers

Toussaint Leads the revolution
Biassou and Jean Francois were poor leaders They were disloyal to the cause of freedom 1791 French looked to be putting down the revolt Biassou and Jean Fran腔is agreed to turn over the former slaves in exchange for their own freedom Toussaint organized the slaves into a guerilla army Guerilla army- a group of soldiers that are not well trained They attacked the French when they least expected it Attack- and retreat into the mountains Very fast and in unexpected directions The French could never relax

Toussaint Memorable figure as he rode Rode without a saddle
Dressed in a French uniform Handkerchief on his head Odd shape under his coat Hunchback

Victories (triumphs) Won several victories over the French
Promised the townspeople that he would treat them well if they surrendered The French refused to free the slaves Spain and Great Britain were at war with the French Toussaint joined the Spanish forces in Santo Domingo Named a general an won battles for the Spanish Still felt some loyalty to France 1794 France passed a law freeing all slaves Toussaint joined the French and drove the Spanish from the island 1795 most important man in St. Domingue

The most important man Concerned about the economy of the island
Most of the plantations were destroyed Asked the former slaves to come back to work and share in the profits Toussaint began to create a separate government Constitution was written Declared slavery ended forever Negotiated treaties with Great Britain and the United States Traded sugar for arms 1801 Ruler of Hispaniola

Napoleon Napoleon needed the wealth of St. Domingue to fund his wars
Economy could only be brought back through slavery The invasion of St. Domingue Led by his brother-in-law General Victor Leclerc 43000 soldiers—largest invasion force in France history Spies reported Napoleon’s plans to Toussaint “I have known they would come and that the reason behind it would be that one and only goal: reinstatement of slavery. However, we will never again submit to that.” Preparations for war Imported weapons from the US, reinforced forts Dug pits and trenches in the forest Drafted all men over 12

The invasion of St. Domingue
“The people are besides themselves with fury. They never withdraw or give up. They sing as they are facing death and they still encourage each other while they are dying. They seem to not know pain… …send reinforcements” Leclerc knew that he didn’t stand a chance “Meeting” with one of his officers Toussaint and his family are captured and sent back to France “In overthrowing me you have cut down in St. Domingue only the trunk of the tree liberty. It will spring up again from the roots, for they are many and they are deep.” Toussaint and his family are separated Sent to Switzerland

France Loses St. Domingue
The French were having a new problem The guerilla war continued Thousands of black people were killed The more that were killed the greater the resistance Jacques Dessalines No loyalty to France Wanted to end slavery Make St. Domingue independent Burning of plantations continued French had superior weapons Only a matter of time

Yellow Fever Deadly disease spread by mosquitoes
Thousands of French Soldiers died Unable to conquer the epidemic 8000 soldiers lived to sail back home Why didn’t the Slaves get Yellow fever? January 1, 1804 St. Domingue declared independent New name Haiti Indian name before Europeans settled there. Haiti is Rebuilt Dessalines becomes dictator October 1806 he is murdered Haiti has been ruled by dictators since and is now one of the poorest countries of the world

Quiz 3 What disease ended the revolution on Hispaniola
Who was the leader that had no loyalty to France Who is Napoleon’s brother in law Who was a doctor at the beginning of the Revolution What is an army that fights and retreats and hides in the trees or mountains Yellow Fever Dessalines General LeClerc Toussaint L Ouverture Guerilla Army

Mexico’s Fight for independence
Hacienda Padre Miguel Hidalgo y Castilla Grito De Dolores Jose Maria Morelos Agustin de Iturbide

Mexico’s Fight for independence
The Revolution for Independence began with a group of men called the Literary and Social Club of Queretaro Not really a social club, they were plotting the revolution against Spain The Indians were unhappy Not enough land Forced to work on haciendas or farms Little or no pay Owed money to the landowners Couldn’t leave until their debts were paid The Mestizos were unhappy Poor and didn’t have good jobs Looked down upon Hoped that independence would bring more power power The Creoles were unhappy Shut off from the power Professionals and landowners (owned the haciendas) No Spaniards, the Creoles could control the government

Padre Miguel hidalgo y Castilla
The leading member of the Literary and Social Club of Queretaro Priest in the village of Dolores Creole who lived on a hacienda until he was 12 Sent to school at 12 and studied for 12 years Became a priest and a teacher Eventually became the head of the Catholic college at Valladolid He was a success, Paid well, well respected, did important work He had become a trouble maker Spent his time teaching about how to improve the government Put the college in debt Forced to quit his job and became a priest in a very small village

A good Priest Spent 10 years in a small village before moving on to a larger church in Delores There he helped the Otomi Indians plant grape vines and mulberry trees Wine and silk worms Illegal He went to Queretaro to meet with his friends Juan Aldema, Military officer opposed to Spanish rule Ignacio Allende Captain and commander in a local army post Talked about the problems of the country

Revolutionary Times 1810 Mexico had been under Spanish control for 300 years Spanish king is dethroned Joseph Bonaparte The revolutionaries were now fighting against France The members of the LSCQ began to plot the revolution Wanted to improve people’s lives Wanted more power for themselves They were Creoles The LSCQ had been plotting for a year and decided that October 2 was the date for the uprising to begin

September 15th The revolution begins Their plot had been discovered
What should be done? Hidalgo “In action everything is accomplished, we must not lose time; you will see the oppressor’s yoke broken and beaten to the ground” Hidalgo rang the church bell and the people gathered in front of the church Hidalgo told them now was the time to throw out the Spaniards No more haciendas “Independence and Death to the Spaniards! Long live the Virgin of Guadalupe” Called the Grito de Dolores News spread quickly within a week people had joined the rebellion

Padre Miguel Hidalgo y Castilla
57 years old when the revolution began No military experience Medium height, dark complexion, rounded shoulders Green eyes Slow movements Head drooped over his chest Nearly bald

The beginning of the Revolution
The army quickly captured several towns Guanajauto Hundreds versus thousands The town was defenseless and the army looted Hidalgo ordered them to stop but they ignored Lack of discipline was a problem Hidalgo felt that soldiers should be allowed to loot as a reward for helping the rebellion They continued to win battles More people joined October—on to Mexico City Few people along the way joined Hidalgo changes his mind On to Guadalajara Time to plant crops The army dwindled Down to 7000 soldiers

Guadalajara Hidalgo was greeted like a hero
Time used to train the army, make cannons and weapons Spain was also preparing The battle lasted 6 hours A lucky shot The survivors fled to Saltillo Led into an ambush and captured Leaders were tried and sentenced to death Hidalgo is shot by a firing squad on July 31, 1811 Hidalgo failed to win the revolution He is still the main hero of Mexico’s struggle for independence

Jose Maria Morelos After Hidalgo the army broke up but the revolution continued Guerilla attacks Lots of leaders Jose Maria Morelos Friend of Hidalgo Didn’t think they could win by fighting the Spaniards in open battle Guerilla tactics Continued the guerilla war for 5 years Well disciplined and well equipped He had a specific plan for the revolution Governments should treat everyone as equals Only people born in Mexico should be allowed to hold political office Take land away for hacienda owners Captured on Nov Shot

The Long Road to Victory
The country had been at war for 5 years Crops failed Landowners driven from land or run away Indians were fighting Bandits Poor business The Spanish could not defeat the rebels,  The rebels could not beat the Spanish 1821 Agustin de Iturbide joins the rebels Spanish army officer accused of misusing funds Brought his army unit into the war on the side of the rebels The tide turned in favor of the rebels September 27, 1821 Mexico becomes a free and independent nation

Simon Bolívar the Liberator
Francisco de Miranda Simon Bolívar Liberator Conspirator Royalist Sucre

Simon Bolívar The Liberator
Born in Spain Met Maria Teresa at the age of 17 Fell in love immediately, got married at 18 Moved to Venezuela Maria dies one year later from yellow fever If he had stayed in Spain she would not have died If he stayed South America would be much different Simon Bolívar was the most famous liberator of South America Liberator- a person who frees a country from an enemy.

After the Death of Maria
Bolívar returns to Spain Read books by Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu Venezuela must become independent 1805 Visits Italy Climbs to a Religious shrine above Rome “I swear by the God of my fathers and the honor of my country. I will not rest, not in body or soul, till I have broken the chains of Spain.” “My wife’s death led me early in my career onto the road of politics.”

Failed Rebellion 1806 Francisco de Miranda tries to liberate Venezuela
Miranda fought in the French Revolution Been to the US. GW, BF, TJ 150 Men 3 ships 1 from Saint Domingo one from Britain Stopped before he could land on Venezuelan soil Went to Barbados more ships and men from the British Could not get local support The Creoles Enjoyed being 2nd and thought Miranda was a troublemaker

Return to Venezuela 1807 Bolívar returns to Venezuela
Returned to his family hacienda and became a wealthy Creole farmer 1808 Napoleon overthrows the Spanish King and places Joseph on the throne 1810 the Creoles begin to think that Miranda was right Simon Bolívar was one of the conspirators Conspirator-someone who secretly plans an unlawful action

The Beginning The Creoles removed the Highest ranking Spanish officer in Venezuela Loyalty to the king Bolívar went to get help from Great Britain Failed but was able to get Miranda (60) to come back July Venezuelan independence is declared Spanish forces were organizing Some Creoles still opposed independence (royalists)

The Earth Shakes The revolution army gained important victories
No support for a new government Bolívar and Miranda began to argue Bolívar- Creoles Miranda- Mestizos and Indians Both were strong willed and proud. The both wanted the glory and power of being a leader Gave the royalists the upper hand Earthquake 20000 casualties Royalist controlled towns spared (God)

Aftershocks Miranda tried to negotiate letting the rebels leave
Bolívar turned him over to Spanish authorities Miranda dies four years later in prison Bolívar and his allies leave the country Bolívar goes to Bogota, New Grenada Joins rebels in Cucuta as a commander Promoted to general Back to Venezuela Fight became very bloody Rebels were executed Executioners were exterminated Both sides committed acts of terror and cruelty

On to Caracas Bolívar reached Caracas within 3 months
The people began to call him “The Liberator” Quick victory but the war was far from over More bloody and brutal Llaneros (cowboys) were supportive of the royalists and drove Bolívar back to New Grenada Led by Boves--very blood thirsty King Ferdinand Returned to power and sent men to regain Venezuela and New Grenada Spanish commanders were ruthless in attacking Bolívar Escapes to Haiti

Bolívar’s Daring Plan Bolívar never gave up and asks Pétion (leader of Haiti for help Recognize the Haitian government Free all slaves Bolívar leaves with 200 soldiers on 7 small ships Could not land The llaneros had become unhappy with the spanish Up the Orinoco River to Angostura The llaneros joined along with 4000 British volunteers

On to Bogotá Bolívar decided to go on to Bogotá The battle of Boyaca
Crossing the Llanos was horrible Clothing Mildewed Saddles and boots fell apart Horses hooves rotted By the time they reached the mountains the horses were dead. All the soldiers had left were their guns The battle of Boyaca Surprised the Spanish troops and won easily Marched on to Bogatá without resistance

Bolívar returns to Angostura The Battle of Carababo
Joins forces with Páez The Battle of Carababo Surprised the royalists and ended most Spanish resistance June 28, 1821 Bolívar marches into Caracas again Independence had finally been won

Bolívar’s Dream Bolívar wanted South America to be united like the United States Gran Colombia’s constitution written in 1821 Bolívar becomes the first president Lima was next Quito was along the way 1821 Bolívar sent Sucre to Guayaquil to gather an army 1822 the Spanish are defeated in Quito Ecuador had been liberated and Peru was left Someone was already there

San Martin San Martin and Bolívar met up in July of 1822
Neither one of them were willing to give up power San Martin went to Chile Bolívar went to Lima, Peru The Peruvians didn’t trust him They didn’t want to be part of Gran Colombia Asks Sucre to lead the army of liberation Sucre met and defeated the Spanish Army Peru was freed from Spanish rule Sucre frees upper Peru who wanted to become independent They became Bolivia in honor of Bolívar Sucre Became the first president

The End of Bolívars Dream
Bolívar had liberated most of South America Things turned against him Returned to Lima The Peruvians were plotting against him They wanted to become independent Conflicts arose in Gran Columbia Bolívar had tuberculosis Bolívar was a better general than president His dream had failed Sucre had been killed by political rivals He died in December 1830

Quiz 5 Who was the 1st person that tried to gain independence for South America Who was the most successful liberator in South America A person who works to free others is called a ______ A person who meets in secret to organize a rebellion is called a _____ Who was Bolivar’s #1 General and Friend Miranda Simon Bolívar Liberator Conspirator Sucre

Revolution in the South
Viceroy Santiago de Liniers La Plata Jose de San Martin

Trouble in Buenos Aires
One morning in 1806 10 large British warships anchored in the bay The people waited to see what the viceroy would do Viceroy- a rule of a colony or territory Packed up his bags and fled British defeated the Spanish army easily Stole all of the money from the treasury and sent it back to Great Britain The people organized a militia to resist the invasion Led by Santiago de Liniers Commander of the Spanish fleet that was away during the invasion

The Militia Made up mostly of Creoles
Spanish from Montevideo Drove off the British and their fleet The Cabildo refused to let the old viceroy back Santiago de Liniers was elected as the new Viceroy Revolutionary Act Great Britain sends a larger fleet 12000 men were defeated Everyone helped in the defeat Why do we need the Spanish Government? Santiago de Liniers is appointed as the temporary viceroy Allowed British ships to come in and trade Replacement came and began to enforce the old trade rules People began to make less money

Independence in La Plata
Joseph Bonaparte The people of Buenos Aires were unhappy Mariano Moreno becomes the leader of the cabildo Convinces the city council to exile the viceroy Wanted La Plata to be independent Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia The people knew they could run their own affairs Died in 1811 People in La Plata refused to accept the rule of Buenos Aires Upper Peru was still under Spanish rule

Jose de San Martin Returns
Born in La Plata—returned to Spain at 6 Officer in the Spanish Navy that fought in many wars 1811 Retired and met with Miranda in London 1812 returned to La Plata The leaders in Buenos Aires wanted to go through Upper Peru to get to Lima Martin said that it would be easier to liberate Chile First and then attack Lima by sea.

Independence come to Chile
San Martin was a tricky man Pretended to be sick as an excuse to be governor in the province of Cuyo On the border of Chile Spent two getting troops ready Sent spies to Chile to find out where the Spanish camps were, how many soldiers, to spread rumors, and try to gain support Invited the Pehuenche Indians to a meeting Gave them gifts and asked for permission to cross their territory into Chile He would cross the Andes over the highest pass and attack from the east

Attack January 4000 soldiers, 1000 men, Mules, 1600 horses, 700 cattle One of the greatest military accomplishments in history Crossed the Andes in the shadow of Mt. Aconcagua 4300 mules, 511 horses Had enough supplies to press the attack The Spanish leaders knew that the attack was coming The didn’t know where though Divided their armies to cover different routes Surprise! Chacabuco 600 men and supplies captured Easy road to Santiago Chile Declares independence on February 12, 1818

Failure in Peru Peru was where Spain had its strongest forces
4000 vs 23000 San Martin Hoped the Peruvians would rise up and revolt Peru declares independence July 28, 1821 Bolívar and San Martin Get together San Martin returns to Lima disappointed Resigns and returns to Chile Bolívar completes Peru’s independence Returned home to find his wife dead Took his young daughter back to Europe Dies in 1850 He and Bolívar both hoped to unite all of Spain’s South American provinces; neither realized achieved dream

Quiz 6 Who was the Viceroy that was elected by the people?
Who liberated La Plata and Chile? What 4 countries are in La Plata? What mountain range did #2 Cross? Santiago de Leniers San Martin Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia The Andes or Aconcagua

Brazil Finds Another Way
João Exports Imports Pedro

Brazil Finds Another Way
Napoleon had begun to conquer Europe. Marching through Spain tells Portugal to break ties with Great Britain Told to close their ports to British ships Take all property from British citizens Arrest all British citizens João didn’t like taking orders from Napoleon João was the king of Portugal Closed the ports but did nothing more Napoleon invades Portugal When he reaches Lisbon, João boards a British ship and goes to South America

The Journey 36 ships All of the royal treasures 10,000 people
Jewels, papers, books, paintings and statues 10,000 people Members of the court Terrible voyage Ships filled with fleas, rats, and lice Quarters were cramped and smelly Some of the ships carried 3 times their capacity Sailing took 2 months Storm Some of the ships are separated Kings first stop was Salvador da Bahai The people were surprised

In Bahai No paved streets No hotels or places fit for a king
The king had to stay in the homes of citizens Carlota Lost her hair Visit by the governor of Bahai Asked him to open Brazil’s ports to international trade João could see that restricting trade was bad for the economy He immediately opened the ports Exports increased by 15% Exports—goods that leave a country Imports increased by 50% Imports—goods that come into a country

Rio becomes an imperial City
João travels on to Rio de Janeiro. Made the capital of the Portuguese Empire All Portuguese colonies were ruled from Rio All taxes came to Rio People came to Rio to be near the court and to do business Population of Rio doubles in 10 years João ordered that buildings be built to hold the treasures that he had brought with him Naval and military academy Medical school Fine arts Primary and Secondary schools Printing presses João encouraged the people to develop industry and agriculture

Other Changes for Brazil
Government offices were located in Rio They became familiar with government structure They found that it was easier to get the government to listen to them and hear what they needed They were also under close observation Many people in João’s court thought that this was a temporary situation Thought they would return as soon as Europe as soon as Napoleon was gone Napoleon withdraws in 1808 João loved Rio and had no intentions of leaving 1815 Napoleon suffers defeat at _______ João continued to rule from Rio

Brazil becomes an empire
João could have stayed in Rio forever Portugal was undergoing a revolution Wanted to write a new constitution and limit the power of the monarch Demanded the return of João João takes his court and returns leaving Pedro to rule in his place Meanwhile the Brazilians were well aware of the other revolutions taking place in Spanish America Some of the leaders wanted to make Brazil free João knew this and told his son “If Brazil demands independence, proclaim it yourself, and put the crown on your own head.” Portugal’s Revolutionary leaders worried that Pedro might make Brazil independent and wanted him to return as well Pedro tore the Portuguese flag off of his uniform and declared “Independence or Death!” Some Portuguese tried to defend Brazil for Portugal and they were quickly defeated Brazil was independent in a nearly bloodless revolution.

Quiz 7 Who was the king of Portugal that traveled to Brazil
Who declared Brazil’s independence Goods made in a country and sent to other countries are called _____ Goods made in other countries and are brought into a country are called _______ How many people died in Brazil’s revolution? (tell me what you think) João Pedro Exports Imports Very few it was a nearly bloodless revolution

Mexico after independence
Caudillo Antonio Lòpez de Santa Anna Benito Juárez Cinco de Mayo Pancho Villa Emiliano Zapata

Mexico after independence
Independence didn’t solve all of the problems facing the people in Latin America It was also easier to achieve than stability The countries had trouble establishing stable, trustworthy governments to replace the Spanish governments Many of the countries had strongmen in power called caudillos Caudillo-a military dictator in Latin American countries They would fight among themselves until a clear victor emerged Each Caudillo would rule until another caudillo replaced him. Class issues also persisted The Creoles refused to treat the Mestizos and Indians as equals

Mexico’s Violent History
Iturbide Became the emperor of Mexico and spent all of Mexico’s money Overthrown Told if he ever returned he would be shot 1824 he returns The Creoles take over the government The Spanish were gone but the class system still existed The Indians and Mestizos felt like the revolution was only half complete They wanted equality

General Santa Anna The Creoles were vulnerable to attacks by Caudillos
One of the most famous was General Santa Anna President and ruler of Mexico 11 different times in 30 years. Santa Anna was a proud man Statues of himself “your most serene highness.” Dishonest and unprincipled American settlers in Texas demanded independence in 1836 Remember the Alamo At war with the United States Mexican-Indian War Lost California, New Mexico and Arizona Weakens Santa Anna and he is overthrown for the last time

Benito Juárez Indian Lawyer from southeast Mexico
Very honest, and had sympathy for the poor Strong belief in democracy and freedom of speech Helped to create Mexico’s constitution of 1857 Became President Began to work toward reform Forced to leave, returns later Mexico is in serious financial difficulties Mexico stopped paying their debts in 1862 to France, Great Britain, and Spain France and Britain left Napoleon III ordered his troops to conquer Mexico

Cinco de mayo French Troops marched onto Mexico City.
May a small Mexican force won a glorious victory over the much larger French Army near the city of Puebla One of Mexico’s festive holidays France still occupied Mexico City Juarez fled to the north Napoleon III left Maximilian as the emperor of Mexico for three years Pulled the troops out Maximilian is captured, convicted of treason and executed Constitutional government is restored Juárez is restored as president

Juárez worked hard to rebuild the country
Built schools and roads Did what he could for the poor Juárez is remembered as a great lawmaker and patriot and as the man who saved Mexico’s independence Porfirio Diaz Modernized Mexico Foreigners and wealthy Mexicans benefited from it. Indians sank back into poverty In the 1910s more revolutions swept through Mexico Revolutionaries wanted to complete the revolution Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

Pancho Villa Violent and Brave Helped to topple Diaz from power
Lost faith in the new government Believed that it betrayed the cause of the poor Became an outlaw and waged war on the new government Villa’s success is attributed to his amazing knowledge of the land and his use of guerilla tactics He and his men would stage lightning raids and disappear into the hills Staged a raid across the border and killed 16 Americans Woodrow Wilson sent out a search expedition Villa was able to disappear into the night

Emiliano Zapata Guerilla leader from the South of Mexico
Mestizo that joined the revolution against Diaz Gave land from the rich and gave it to the poor indians Zapata was an amazing guerilla leader Fought for the revolution and then fought against it when it didn’t do what it was suppose to do Supported by Pancho Villa Both of them agreed to fight together until their plan was established They were successful because the fought for the causes of the poor Land freedom and justice Zapata was tricked into a meeting with enemies Ambushed and killed

Toward Equality 1920 a new government established law and order
2 million Mexicans died in fighting Deadliest revolution in the Americas Convinced Pancho Villa to retire His enemies shot him to death Mexico settled down in the middle of the 20th century Most Latin American Countries continue to experience the cycle of caudillos, revolution, civil war, and violence

Independence For Latin America

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