1. The Existence of God What if God does not exist? What if God does not exist? What do Australians believe about the existence of God? What do Australians believe about the existence of God? Arguments for God’s existence Arguments for God’s existence Arguments against God’s existence Arguments against God’s existence What does the Bible say? What does the Bible say? What if God does exist? What if God does exist?

2. What if God does not exist? Reasons people may want God not to exist: Reasons people may want God not to exist: Desire to control our own destiny Desire to control our own destiny Construct our own ethics Construct our own ethics Not be accountable to a higher authority Not be accountable to a higher authority Sexual freedom Sexual freedom Live to please ourselves Live to please ourselves Apathy Apathy

3. What if God does not exist? For Everyone: For Everyone: When we die everything comes to nothing When we die everything comes to nothing Ultimately no meaning, no goals, no values Ultimately no meaning, no goals, no values For the Christian: For the Christian: Wasting our time here Wasting our time here Prayer is speaking to ourselves Prayer is speaking to ourselves At best a harmless delusion At best a harmless delusion We of all people are most to be pitied We of all people are most to be pitied Eat drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die Eat drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die

4. What do Australians believe?

5. Belief in a “God” is surprisingly high Belief in a “God” is surprisingly high Atheism is quite rare Atheism is quite rare Could be a “God” of any sort Could be a “God” of any sort Other statistics: Other statistics: About 50% identify themselves as religious About 50% identify themselves as religious 10% to 20% attend church regularly 10% to 20% attend church regularly Only a minority are specifically Christian Only a minority are specifically Christian

6. Arguments for the existence of God (Natural Theology) Cosmological argument Cosmological argument Teleological argument Teleological argument Moral argument Moral argument Ontological argument Ontological argument

7. Cosmological Argument Cosmos means the universe or the world Cosmos means the universe or the world Who made the universe? Who made the universe? Also called the “first cause” argument Also called the “first cause” argument Many forms Many forms

8. Kalam Cosmological Argument 1. Everything that begins to exist has a cause 2. The universe began to exist 3. Therefore the universe has a cause

9. Kalam Cosmological Argument “Kalam” is Arabic for “speech” “Kalam” is Arabic for “speech” Muslim thinkers : Al-Ghazali (1058-1111) Muslim thinkers : Al-Ghazali (1058-1111) Premise 1 considered intuitively obvious (Everything that begins to exist has a cause) Premise 1 considered intuitively obvious (Everything that begins to exist has a cause) Most effort went into justifying premise 2 (The universe began to exist) Most effort went into justifying premise 2 (The universe began to exist) Historically atheists have claimed that the universe is eternal and uncaused Historically atheists have claimed that the universe is eternal and uncaused Al-Ghazali argued that actual infinites cannot exist – universe must have a beginning Al-Ghazali argued that actual infinites cannot exist – universe must have a beginning

10. Cosmological Argument Today, premise 2 is generally accepted for scientific reasons: Today, premise 2 is generally accepted for scientific reasons: Second law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics Big Bang theory Big Bang theory Premise 1 (Everything that begins to exist has a cause) is challenged today Premise 1 (Everything that begins to exist has a cause) is challenged today Some atheists claim the universe popped into existence uncaused out of nothing Some atheists claim the universe popped into existence uncaused out of nothing

11. Common Objection If God made the universe, then who made God? If God made the universe, then who made God? Answer: Answer: No one. God is eternal and has no beginning. God was not made or created and is uncaused. No one. God is eternal and has no beginning. God was not made or created and is uncaused. The argument can be stated crudely in another way: The argument can be stated crudely in another way: There must be something that is eternal and uncaused There must be something that is eternal and uncaused That something must be either the universe or God That something must be either the universe or God It is not the universe It is not the universe Therefore it must be God Therefore it must be God

12. Teleological Argument Telos means purpose or goal Telos means purpose or goal Also called the argument from design Also called the argument from design

13. Teleological Argument In 1802 William Paley published “Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity” In 1802 William Paley published “Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity” Watchmaker analogy: Watchmaker analogy: Imagine you found a watch in a field. Would you conclude that the watch was due to chance or design? Imagine you found a watch in a field. Would you conclude that the watch was due to chance or design? Paley provided many examples of design in nature, such as the human eye. Paley provided many examples of design in nature, such as the human eye.

14. Teleological Argument Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published “On the Origin of Species” in 1859 Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published “On the Origin of Species” in 1859 Many believed that this provided an explanation of how the appearance of design was due to chance Many believed that this provided an explanation of how the appearance of design was due to chance

15. Fine Tuning “Goldilocks Effect” - The universe is just right to permit life. “Goldilocks Effect” - The universe is just right to permit life. About 12 physical constants and 12 initial conditions are finely tuned to enable the universe to be life permitting About 12 physical constants and 12 initial conditions are finely tuned to enable the universe to be life permitting Probability that a random set of physical laws could be life permitting is vanishingly small Probability that a random set of physical laws could be life permitting is vanishingly small 1 in N where N is 1 followed by 10 123 zeroes 1 in N where N is 1 followed by 10 123 zeroes Compare approximately 10 80 atoms in universe Compare approximately 10 80 atoms in universe

16. Fine Tuning Argument 1. The fine tuning of the constants in the laws of physics and the Big Bang initial conditions are due to Law, Chance or Design. 2. The fine tuning is not due to Law or Chance. 3. Therefore it is due to design.

17. Fine Tuning Argument Current state of play: Current state of play: The universe was designed by a Designer, or The universe was designed by a Designer, or There are an infinite number of universes with random physical laws and we happen to live in a lucky one There are an infinite number of universes with random physical laws and we happen to live in a lucky one Multiple universes cannot be observed or tested Multiple universes cannot be observed or tested Multi-verse must be finely tuned Multi-verse must be finely tuned We can only observe and test 1 universe We can only observe and test 1 universe Which option is more plausible? Which option is more plausible?

18. Moral Argument The cosmological and teleological arguments claim that there is a Creator and Designer of the universe The cosmological and teleological arguments claim that there is a Creator and Designer of the universe Is He interested in us? Is He interested in us? Deism: God is not interested in us Deism: God is not interested in us Theism: God is interested in us Theism: God is interested in us Moral argument does not claim that atheists are immoral Moral argument does not claim that atheists are immoral We are all moral, but why? We are all moral, but why?

19. Moral Argument Moral argument: Moral argument: 1. If God does not exist then objective moral values do not exist 2. Objective moral values do exist 3. Therefore God exists Objective moral values: moral values are valid and binding whether people believe them or not Objective moral values: moral values are valid and binding whether people believe them or not Relative moral values: matter of personal taste Relative moral values: matter of personal taste Atheism implies that there is no basis for objective moral values. Atheism implies that there is no basis for objective moral values.

20. Moral Argument People only maintain that moral values are relative until faced with examples People only maintain that moral values are relative until faced with examples Was the holocaust evil regardless of who won the war? Was the holocaust evil regardless of who won the war? Is paedophilia Ok? Paedophiles think it is Ok. Is paedophilia Ok? Paedophiles think it is Ok. Is raping babies Ok? Is raping babies Ok? Most people will recoil in horror. Most people will recoil in horror. As soon as we admit that raping babies is objectively bad then we affirm that objective moral values do exist As soon as we admit that raping babies is objectively bad then we affirm that objective moral values do exist Moral argument also affirms that God is interested in our values and what we do Moral argument also affirms that God is interested in our values and what we do We now affirm belief in a God who is interested in us We now affirm belief in a God who is interested in us

21. Ontological Argument A completely logic argument with no reference to the external world A completely logic argument with no reference to the external world If it is possible that God exists, then God must exist. If it is possible that God exists, then God must exist. Many believe it is valid, but not convincing Many believe it is valid, but not convincing Craig uses this argument in debates but not covered in On Guard Craig uses this argument in debates but not covered in On Guard Two forms: Two forms: Anselm (1033 – 1099) Anselm (1033 – 1099) Alvin Plantinga (1932 - ) Alvin Plantinga (1932 - )

22. Anselm’s Version God is the greatest conceivable being God is the greatest conceivable being To exist is greater than to not exist. To exist is greater than to not exist. If God does not exist then it is possible to conceive a greater being If God does not exist then it is possible to conceive a greater being Therefore God exists Therefore God exists

23. Plantinga’s Version (simplified) Argument: Argument: 1. It is possible that a Maximally Great Perfect Being (MGPB) exists. 2. If it is possible that a MGPB exists then he must exist in some possible world. 3. If he exists in some possible world then he must exist in all possible worlds 4. Therefore a MGPB exists Only premise 1 is controversial Only premise 1 is controversial

24. Other Arguments Cosmological, teleological and moral arguments affirm that there exists a God who is: Cosmological, teleological and moral arguments affirm that there exists a God who is: Creator Creator Designer Designer Basis for objective moral values Basis for objective moral values Applicable to all of the monotheistic religions: Applicable to all of the monotheistic religions: Judaism, Judaism, Christianity Christianity Islam Islam Two additional Christian arguments: Two additional Christian arguments: Historical evidence for Jesus’ resurrection Historical evidence for Jesus’ resurrection Witness of the Spirit (Christian experience) Witness of the Spirit (Christian experience)

25. Arguments against God’s Existence The Problem of Evil The Hiddenness of God

26. Problem of Evil The problem of evil can be stated : The problem of evil can be stated : 1. If God exists then He would not allow pointless evil 2. There is pointless evil in the world 3. Therefore God does not exist Impossible to prove that God does not have a purpose in allowing evil Impossible to prove that God does not have a purpose in allowing evil Argument can be rearranged as follows: Argument can be rearranged as follows: 1. If God exists then He would not allow pointless evil 2. God exists (see previous arguments) 3. Therefore there is no evil in the world that is pointless Proverbs 16:4 “The LORD works out everything for his own purposes; even the wicked for a day of disaster.” Proverbs 16:4 “The LORD works out everything for his own purposes; even the wicked for a day of disaster.”

27. Hiddenness of God If God exists, why doesn’t He show himself? If God exists, why doesn’t He show himself? Maybe God doesn’t show Himself because He doesn’t exist Maybe God doesn’t show Himself because He doesn’t exist Answer: He has shown Himself: Answer: He has shown Himself: In nature (eg Psalm 19) In nature (eg Psalm 19) Through Israel in His word Through Israel in His word In Jesus of Nazareth In Jesus of Nazareth In our Christian experience In our Christian experience

28. Biblical Perspective Psalm 19 – The heavens declare the glory of God Psalm 19 – The heavens declare the glory of God Romans 1: Romans 1: God’s qualities revealed in what He has made God’s qualities revealed in what He has made We are without excuse We are without excuse We suppress the knowledge of God We suppress the knowledge of God The Biblical perspective is consistent with the Cosmological and Design arguments The Biblical perspective is consistent with the Cosmological and Design arguments

29. Two views Two men looked out of prison bars; one saw mud and the other saw stars.

30. View 1: Steven Weinberg “The more the universe seems comprehensible, the more it also seems pointless.” “The more the universe seems comprehensible, the more it also seems pointless.”

31. View 2: Paul Davies “Science is based on the assumption that the universe is thoroughly rational and logical at all levels. Atheists claim that the laws of nature exist reasonlessly and the universe is ultimately absurd. As a scientist, I find this hard to accept. There must be an unchanging rational ground in which the logical, orderly nature of the universe is rooted.” “Science is based on the assumption that the universe is thoroughly rational and logical at all levels. Atheists claim that the laws of nature exist reasonlessly and the universe is ultimately absurd. As a scientist, I find this hard to accept. There must be an unchanging rational ground in which the logical, orderly nature of the universe is rooted.”

32. What if God does Exist? What are the implications if God does exist? What are the implications if God does exist? The world is not meaningless The world is not meaningless Everything has a purpose Everything has a purpose God has revealed His will through His word. God has revealed His will through His word. What if God has indeed spoken to us through His Son? What if God has indeed spoken to us through His Son? There is a purpose in our existence There is a purpose in our existence God hears our prayers God hears our prayers God indwells His people God indwells His people By faith we receive eternal life By faith we receive eternal life John 11:25-26: "I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me will live, even though he dies; and whoever lives and believes in me will never die.” John 11:25-26: "I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me will live, even though he dies; and whoever lives and believes in me will never die.”