1. The Urban World
Chapter 7 Section 2

2. Review What is Steerage? The Workingmen's party were anti who?
What did the Immigration Restriction League want?
What was the first land that most New York immigrants stepped on?

3. The Changing City
Before the Second Industrial Revolution cities were compact.
Even in the largest cities most people lived within a 45 min walk from the city center
By the Late 1800’s the cities landscape was changing due to new technology and immigrants
To accommodate the growing number of residents architects built skyscrapers
Previously buildings were limited to around 5 stories

4. Continued
In 1852 {Elisha Otis developed a mechanized elevator which allowed easier transport of materials and people}
This also allowed buildings well above the five story limit
Architects also built with steel frames which allowed for a more sturdy building
Walls no longer were the sole support of a building
Now steel frames carried the burden of the weight of the walls
Skyscrapers allowed more people to work in a centralized area

5. THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING

6. {Mass Transit Extended the City outward
This was public transportation, including subways, electric commuter trains, and trolleys}

7. Continued Before mass transit a typical city covered 3 square miles
{Mass Transit changed urban Life by encouraging the growth of cities and creating suburbs}
Before people could cross most cities on foot in two hours now people could live outside the city and work in the city
Suburban life was limited to the wealthy due to the high cost of transportation cents
{Suburbs are residential neighborhoods and towns on the outskirts of cities}

8. Upper Class Life
During the late 1800’s a new class of wealthy city dweller emerged known as the “nouveau riche” or newly rich
Examples are Carnegie, Rockefeller
There had been rich people in the us since colonial times but the urban upper class was a new breed
{Conspicuous consumption known as the public spending of great wealth in order to impress others}
They wanted people to know how wealthy they were (that is what I would do)

10. Continued
They built large houses that imitated gothic castles or Italian renaissance palaces
Many Americans criticized such extravagances but these people did support social causes such as art galleries, libraries, and museums
{Much of the literature read by the nouveau riche reflected the social standards of the British Victorian culture}
This was concerned with maintaining the proper level of social behavior, they held up an ideal of domestic life

11. {Middle-Class Life
These were usually accountants, clerks, engineers, managers and sales people}
New industries created huge demand for skilled workers creating a larger middle class

12. Continued Women were not permitted in professional occupations
However the urban rapid growth provided more opportunity outside the home
Big business created jobs for women as secretaries, sales clerks, and stenographers
Business owners increasingly hired young, single women to fill those positions paying them lower wages then men
Most worked in the home
Running water in the home freed up time for the domestic wife

13. What did the wife no longer have to do with running water available?

14. She did not have to Pump water Haul water Heat water
Ready made clothes also freed up time spent sewing
This allowed women to attend public events in the city

15. How the poor lived
{For the poor, city life was made worse by low pay, housing shortages and high rent}
The ever-growing population of laborers eager to work kept wages low
Housing conditions were worse due to housing shortages and the rising cost of rent
They lived in Tenements or poorly built apartment buildings
They had to live within walking distance of work
Outside garbage and raw sewage laid in the street

16. Tenements

17. Poor Continued The streets were usually unpaved
Under these conditions disease and illness ran rampant
“ the stink was enough to knock you down”
For African Americans conditions were worse
Most could only get low paying jobs
They often paid higher rent for worse housing and were harassed by the police
Many preferred life in the North to life in the South, where they could sleep in peace at night

18. Reform
To confront the problem of urban poverty, some reformers established and lived in Settlement houses
{Settlement Houses are community service centers that offer education, skills, training, and cultural events to the poor}
{Jane Addams helped found settlement houses and helped with women's suffrage}
She wanted to improve living conditions in the neighborhoods

19. {Social Gospel Movement
The primary goal was to apply Christian principles to social problems}
The belief was that the church had a moral duty to confront social injustice
Many churches tried to act according to the social gospel movement providing classes, counseling, job training, libraries, and other social services
Some offered free public kindergarten and a gymnasium and offered classes in domestic and industrial skills

20. Review The Workingmen's party were anti who?
What did the Immigration Restriction League want?
What did Elisha Otis develop?
This was public transportation, including subways, electric commuter trains, and trolleys
Much of the literature read by the nouveau riche reflected the social standards of the _______ ________ ________

21. The End