1. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 MIGRATION POLICIES & INTEGRATION POLICIES FRIDAY January 28 Session 2: Migration management

2. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Measures adopted at the national and international level to strengthen the control of flows and to more effectively fight against irregular migration of foreigners MIGRATION POLICIES

3. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Measures adopted at the national level to ensure integration of migrants in the host country INTEGRATION POLICIES

4. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 The concept of migration management Migration management: “refers to the range of measures needed to effectively address migration issues at national, regional and global levels. It encompasses policy, legislation and administration of migration issues, and contributes to good governance” (IOM, 2003) –aim: clear and comprehensive policies, laws and administrative arrangements to ensure that population movements occur to the mutual benefits of migrants, society and governments

5. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 How to manage migration to maximise its positive effects and minimise potentially negative results The challenge today

6. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Policies overview USA: –immigration based on skill requirements –annual quota –850,000 legal permanent entries per year –1,535,000 temporary visas –> 9/11/2001: more border control, fewer visas, fewer refugees Canada: –immigration based on skill requirements –annual quota –227,000 legal permanent entries per year NAFTA: –little effect on migration?

7. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 EU: –Many countries are concerned about their national identities, and migration is seen as a risk –Existing policy model: Closing of borders against labour migration Promotion of integration policies –but: failure to ensure return for those denied stay –Problems: Lack of cohesion between all actors involved Ad hoc policies, with adverse side effects

8. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Eastern and Central Europe: –a new circulatory system of migration difficult to control because of the sheer volume Emergencies in Balkans, Middle East –pressures on asylum system temporary protection measures, but continued functioning depends on effective return migration strategies

9. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Because of the alleged negative consequences of migration, 40% of all states now have policies aimed at reducing immigration (25 years ago: 6%)

10. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Dilemma’s in countries of destination Offsetting (partially) the effects of population ageing responding to labour shortages facilitating relations with countries of origin contributing towards national cohesion helping to preserve the welfare state ad-hoc decisions on policies and programmes, satisfying short term policy agenda’s

11. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Current policies inadequate to respond to migration and migrant population realities: –globalising economies –deregulation of labour markets –demand for low skilled labour –ageing population structures Respond by loosening migration restrictions; temporary migration schemes? But: globalisation trends versus greater reliance on local community and nationalism (migration seen as a negative exponent of globalisation)

12. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Addressing the root causes An alternative for more stringent admission controls? –But: not clear how ODA can reduce migration –development will stimulate migration in the short run –tensions between sending and receiving countries because of differences in aims and motivations Therefore: ODA or free trade zones important, but not a substitute for comprehensive migration policies

13. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 What do we want to manage? Assuming that immigration cannot be prevented, the best that can be done is to implement policies that guide and influence the reality of flows: requires international co-operation Why? –The object of migration management today is a global migration business involving not only governments and migrants, but also recruitment and travel agencies, transport operators, legal and advisory firms, traffickers, etc. Legitimate and illegitimate components requiring different approaches

14. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 New management strategies Principles and objectives: –1. Orderliness maximise opportunities o\and benefits to migrants and minimise trafficking and irregular movement –2. Protection to provide adequate measures for protection and for combating disorderly movement –3. Integration to provide an environment conducive to integration –4. Co-operation to engage in dialogue and co-operation with countries of origin Reference:Council of Europe, European Committee on Migration, 2002

15. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 1. M easures to manage migration in an orderly manner Efficient and comprehensive information framework –information for migrants, NGOs, institutions, national and local governments –Information to potential migrants to promote orderly flows? –Co-ordination between governments –Co-ordination between ministries and between central and local government Need for accurate and timely information, and for information sharing Rethinking about the nature of information needed –consequences and impacts instead of procedures

16. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Migration as a human right Viewing migration positively –clear and transparent policies about rights and obligations –harmonisation of procedures

17. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Labour migration policy Long term planning difficult –economic fluctuation Generally: policies to fight irregular work –penalise employers –refuse visas –stimulate re-integration of the unemployed Demand for low skilled labour –gap between deregulation and decentralisation of labour markets, and government efforts to stop/control migration

18. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Labour migration policy Demand for high skilled labour –stimulating increase of native employment –temporary migration schemes –co-ordination between governments and social partners

19. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Family reunification Continued acceptance of principle of family reunification –practice: nibbling away at rights, to fight misuse

20. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Prevention of irregular migration Focus on the prevention of irregular migration distorts the debate about general migration management –illegality may be an unintended side effect of other policies Prevention of irregular entry and irregular (over)stay –regularisations (short term solution only, to prevent emergence of under-class and for security reasons) –comprehensive return strategies and ‘circulation’ Data need: information exchange

21. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 2. Protection and return Protection: –flight from violent conflict mixed up with the use of asylum procedures for economic migration distinction difficult to make lack of alternatives for labour migration return policies ineffective –central challenge: to ensure adequate protection for refugees and asylum seekers while managing migration in line with national priorities

22. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Protection: –Measures: prevention of access and lodging asylum claims –visa schemes; penalties to transportation companies; border controls; pre-inspection; interception reception centres outside country of destination temporary protection –How to link protection to migration management refugee protection dialogue (Global Consultations) migration dialogue (Berne Initiative, regional consultations)

23. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Return: –current return policies ineffective integral approach dialogue between countries of origin and destination –return and re-admission agreements –voluntary and assisted voluntary return

24. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 3. Integration Efforts to emphasise the positive contribution of immigrants to the host society are undermined by the emphasis on entry control and prevention Host society contexts not conducive to positive approaches towards integration –discrimination –disproportional unemployment –social exclusion –public hostility

25. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Requirements for successful integration adaptation by migrants adaptation by host society adequate communication strategies between population groups and between them and the government

26. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Elements of integration policy: –secure residence –access to work and social services; language training –promotion of civil and political rights –easy and fair naturalisation –measure to combat discrimination Co-ordination and dialogue –timely and accurate information

27. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 How to develop effective integration strategies? Integration cannot be dictated by governments But they should lead and influence rather than follow public opinion –education –confidence building –influence the public debate by fact instead of prejudice Eliminate causes of marginalisation of immigrant groups.

28. UNFPA/UNECE/NIDI Training programme on international migration, Geneva, 24-28/01/2005 Migration management Comprehensive policies Regional dialogue and harmonisation of policies Dialogue and collaboration between countries of origin and destination Need for timely and accurate information to prepare and evaluate policies and to inform the public debate