1. Paul Schneiderman, Ph.D., Professor of Finance & Economics, Southern New Hampshire University
©2008 South-Western

2. In This Lecture….. Gross Domestic Product Expenditures Computing GDP
Measurements Other Than GDP
Real GDP
Economic Growth and Business Cycles

3. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The total market value of all final goods and services produced annually within a country’s borders.

4. Ways to Compute GDP - Expenditure Approach
Add the amount of money spent by buyers of final goods and services*
Avoid double counting.
Do not count intermediate goods**
* Goods in the hands of their final users.
** Goods that are inputs for the production of final goods.

5. Ways to Compute GDP Income and Value –added Approaches
Income Approach – add the sum of all incomes earned (wages, interest, rents, and profits) in producing goods and services
Value-added Approach – add the value added at each stage of production of all goods and services

6. What’s Not Included in GDP
Certain non-market goods and services such as chores performed at home by family members.

7. What’s Not Included in GDP
Underground activities, both legal and illegal

8. What’s Not Included in GDP
Sales of used goods
Financial transactions such as trading of stocks and bonds

9. What’s Not Included in GDP
Government transfer payments such as social security
Leisure time

10. GDP and Bads
GDP counts the goods and services, but it does not net out the air and water pollution.
Thus, some economists argue that GDP overstates our overall economic welfare.

11. GDP Per Capita

12. Self-Test Questions
Identify and explain the three approaches to computing GDP.
Suppose the GDP for a country is $0. Does this mean that there was no productive activity in the country? Explain your answer.

13. GDP - Expenditure Approach 4 Sectors
Household Sector - Consumption
Business Sector - Investment
Government Sector – Government Purchases
Foreign Sector – Net Exports
GDP =
C +
I +
G +
(X – M)

14. Consumption The sum of household spending on: Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Services

15. Durable Goods
Durable goods are goods that are expected to last for more than three years, such as refrigerators, ovens, or cars.

16. Nondurable Goods
Nondurable goods are goods that are not expected to last for more than three years, such as food.

17. Services
Services are intangible items such as lawn care, car repair, and entertainment.

18. Investment The sum of all purchases of:
Newly produced capital goods - Business purchases of capital goods, such as machinery and factories
Changes in business inventories - Changes in the stock of unsold goods.
Purchases of new residential housing

19. Government Purchases Includes:
Federal, state, and local government purchases of goods and services and gross investment in highways, bridges, and so on.
Excludes:
Government transfer payments to persons that are not made in return for goods and services currently supplied.

20. Net Exports
Exports (X) - Total foreign spending on domestic (U.S.) goods
Less
Imports (M) - Total domestic (U.S.) spending on foreign goods

21. Expenditure Approach

22. GDP 2006

23. Bureau of Economic Analysis
BEA is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce. One of its major functions is to assemble the data which is then used to calculate GDP.
To get the latest information on GDP and other economic data, click below

24. GDP – Income Approach
Purchases (expenditures) made in product markets flow to business firms.
Business firms then use these monies to buy resources in resource markets.
These monies flow to the owners (suppliers) of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.
The sum of these resource payments is total income, which flows to households. In this simple economy total purchases (expenditures) equal total income.
Because total purchases (expenditures) equal GDP and total purchases equal total income, it follows that GDP equals total income.

26. National Income
Total income earned by U.S. citizens and businesses, no matter where they reside or are located.
National income is the sum of the payments to resources (land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship).

27. Computing National Income
Compensation of employees
+ Proprietors’ income
+ Corporate profits
+ Rental income
+Net interest

28. COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
Compensation of employees consists of wages and salaries paid to employees plus employers’ contributions to Social Security and employee benefit plans plus the monetary value of fringe benefits, tips, and paid vacations.

29. PROPRIETORS’ INCOME
Proprietors’ income includes all forms of income earned by self-employed individuals and the owners of unincorporated businesses, including unincorporated farmers.

30. CORPORATE PROFITS
Corporate profits include all the income earned by the stockholders of corporations.

31. RENTAL INCOME (OF PERSONS)
Rental income is the income received by individuals for the use of their non-monetary assets (land, houses, offices).
It also includes returns to individuals who hold copyrights and patents.
Finally, it includes an imputed value to owner-occupied houses.

32. NET INTEREST
Net interest is the interest income received by U.S. households and government minus the interest they paid out.

33. From NI to GDP GDP = National income
- Income earned from the rest of the world
+ Income earned by the rest of the world
+ Indirect business taxes
+ Capital consumption allowance
+ Statistical discrepancy

34. GDP = Income Approach

35. Net Domestic Product
NDP measures the total value of new goods available in the economy in a given year after worn-out capital goods have been replaced.
Net domestic product (NDP) =
GDP – Capital consumption allowance*
*The estimated amount of capital goods used up in production through natural wear, obsolescence, and accidental destruction.

36. Personal and Disposable Income
Personal income =
National income
– Undistributed corporate profits
– Social insurance taxes
– Corporate profits taxes
+ Transfer payments
Disposable income =
Personal income
– Personal taxes

37. Self-Test Questions
Describe the expenditure approach to computing GDP in a real-world economy.
Will GDP be smaller than the sum of consumption, investment, and government purchases if net exports are negative? Explain your answer.
If GDP is $400 billion and the country’s population is 100 million, does it follow that each individual in the country has $40,000 worth of goods and services?

38. Real GDP
The value of the entire output produced annually within a country’s borders, adjusted for price changes (inflation).

39. Economic Growth
Economic Growth is measured by increases in Real GDP.

40. Business Cycle
Recurrent swings (up and down) in
Real GDP.

41. Business Cycles and the NBER
For current economic data and business cycle information visit the National Bureau of Economic Research by clicking the logo below.

42. Self-Test Questions
Suppose GDP is $6 trillion in year 1 and $6.2 trillion in year 2. What has caused the rise in GDP?
Suppose Real GDP is $5.2 trillion in year 1 and $5.3 trillion in year 2. What has caused the rise in Real GDP?
Can an economy be faced with endless business cycles and still have its Real GDP grow over time? Explain your answer.

43. Other Sources of Economic Data
White House - Economic Statistics Briefing Room
Congressional Budget Office
Bureau of the Census
Click above to Select

44. Wall Street Journal
The Wall Street Journal is a is a rich source of information which provides real life examples of micro- and macro economic activities. Check today’s issue to see the most current news.

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