1. Using SIFT to Analyze Literature
SIFT Method
Using SIFT to Analyze Literature

2. S – Examine the title and text for symbolism
SIFT Method
S – Examine the title and text for symbolism
I – Identify images and sensory details
F – Analyze figurative language and other devices
T – Discuss how all devices reveal tone and theme

3. What does the feather symbolize for Dumbo?
Symbolism
An object, character, figure, or color that is used to represent something other than itself.
What does the feather symbolize for Dumbo?

4. Imagery

5. IMAGERY
Consists of words and phrases that recreate sensory experiences for readers.

6. 5 SENSES
Rather than describing every aspect of a setting, a writer may use sensory details – words and phrases that appeal to the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch – to help you visualize a scene.

7. Quick WRite
Using your five senses, list the items you could hear, touch, smell, taste and see in this scene. It is fine to imagine what you would taste or smell in this scene.
Now, write about how you FEEL when you are envisioning this scene.

8. IMAGERY
Imagery can invoke an emotional, sensational (5 senses) or physical response

9. Pick out the images or sensory details.
It was in the clove of seasons, summer was dead but autumn had not yet been born, that the ibis lit in the bleeding tree. The flower garden was stained with rotting brown magnolia petals and ironweeds grew rank amid the purple phlox. The five o'clocks by the chimney still marked time, but the oriole nest in the elm was untenanted and rocked back and forth like an empty cradle. The last graveyard flowers were blooming, and their smell drifted across the cotton field and through every room of our house, speaking softly the names of our dead.

10. Figurative Language

11. Simile
A comparison between two unlike things using “like” or “as.” Example: The river winds down the valley like a long, skinny snake.

12. Metaphor
A comparison between two unlike things without using “like” or “as.” Ex: Time is money.

13. Personification
Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects or abstract ideas. Ex: The wind cried in the dark.

14. Irony
A special kind of contrast between appearance and reality – usually one in which reality is the opposite of what it seems. There are three types of irony: 1. Situational Irony 2. Dramatic Irony 3. Verbal Irony

15. Situational Irony
A contrast between what a reader or character expects and what actually exists or happens.

16. David vs. Goliath Po vs. Tai Lung

17. Dramatic Irony
When the audience knows more than the characters, so that words and action have additional meaning for the audience.    

18. The Trick YOU Know!

19. Verbal Irony
When something is said that is interpreted exactly opposite of its intent.
Often relies on ambiguity (meaning a word can be interpreted at least 2 different ways i.e. hot)
Sarcasm falls under the category of verbal irony – Ex. When your mom says “I see you have cleaned your room.”

20. Tone & Theme

21. Theme
An underlying message about life or human nature that a writer wants the reader to understand; the main idea of the story

22. Tone
The writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject, character, or audience; conveyed through the author’s choice of words and detail.
Tone can be:
Serious
Humorous
Sarcastic
Indifferent
Etc.

23. More terms to know

24. Mood
The feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader. A cold wind sliced across the silent and empty graveyard. Stanton shivered and glanced up at the moon, a pale silver behind dark clouds. He heard footsteps, then more footsteps, and his stomach knotted. Shouldn’t have come, he thought. What mood does this paragraph convey to the reader?

25. Flashback
An account of a conversation, an episode, or an event that happened before the beginning of the story

26. Conflict Struggle between opposing forces
Internal conflict – a struggle within a character’s mind. The struggle usually centers on a choice or decision the character must make External conflict – a clash between a character and an outside force, such as another character, society, technology or a force of nature

27. Point of View First person – narrator is character in the story
Third person – narrative voice is outside the story
Third person omniscient – all-knowing point of view
Third person limited – narrator tells what only one character thinks

28. Foreshadowing
Writer’s use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in a story

29. Allusion
A reference to the Bible, history, or another famous piece of literature.
In The Hunchback of Notre Dame, the gargoyle Laverne tells a flock of pigeons to “Fly my pretties! Fly, Fly!” alluding to the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz.

30. Setting The time and place of the action of a story
Setting includes the following:
The geographical location
The time period
The specific building, room and so on . . .

31. Characters
Protagonist – The main character in a story; the character who is involved in the central conflict of the story
Antagonist – principal character or force in opposition of the protagonist

32. Characters Static – one who remains the same throughout the story
Dynamic – one who undergoes important changes as the plot unfolds

33. Plot
The series of events in a story

34. Elements of Plot
Exposition – introduces setting and characters; introduces the conflict
Rising Action – presents complications that intensify the conflict and builds suspense
Climax – the turning point and the moment of greatest suspense; makes the outcome of the conflict clear
Falling Action – eases the suspense; reveals the outcome of the story’s climax; shows how the main character resolves the conflict
Resolution – reveals the final outcome and ties up loose ends