1. Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids
SBI4U - Biochemistry
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates & Lipids

2. Organic Chemistry
originally the chemistry of compounds produced by living organisms
in general organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, and usually other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen

3. Electronegativity
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4. Homework, p.18 #9,8
In a bond between nitrogen and hydrogen (N-H), which atom will the electrons be closer to? Explain your reasoning.
How do polar covalent bonds and non-polar covalent bonds differ?

5. Homework, p.18 #10
Oxygen plays a major role in biological molecules. Explain how oxygen plays a role in polarity, bond shape, (and redox reactions).

6. Polar vs. Non-Polar molecular polarity is determined by:
polarity of bonds within molecule
symmetry of molecular structure
polarity of molecules or functional groups determines characteristics such as solubility

7. Image from: http://www. 800mainstreet. com/5/0005-009-polar-molecules

8. Homework, p.18 #6,7
How can the atomic composition and shape of a molecule affect its polarity?
What effect to the polarity, size, and shape of molecule have on the physical properties of the molecule?
How do these factors affect intermolecular forces?

9. Homework, p.24 #1,5
Water is a polar molecule. Explain how the polarity of water accounts for its lattice structure.
How does polarity influence water’s role as a solvent?

10. H-bonding

11. Homework, p.18 #11
In what ways do hydrogen bonds produce attractive forces between molecules? Include a labelled diagram to illustrate your answer.
How do hydrogen bonds influence the physical properties of water?

12. Functional Groups
specific clusters of atoms attached to the carbon backbone
functional groups react in characteristic ways, giving chemical properties to macromolecules, and are involved in most reactions in living organisms

13. Functional Groups
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hydroxyl - in alcohols, carbohydrates, steroids, some amino acids phosphate - nucleic acids, ATP, some proteins
carbonyl - in ketones & aldehydes sulfhydryl - some amino acids
carboxyl - in amino acids, fatty acids
amino - in amino acids

14. Homework, p.28 #4
Explain how functional groups influence solubility and the forces of attraction between molecules.

15. Macromolecules
macromolecules are large molecules that are often composed of repeating sub-units
some of the biologically important macromolecules are:
carbohydrates -lipids
proteins -nucleic acids

16. Carbohydrates carbohydrates are the most important energy source
animals cannot synthesize carbohydrates; they must be consumed in plant material
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17. Structure of Carbohydrates
carbohydrates are made up of either single sugar molecules, or chains of many single sugar molecules
monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

18. Monosaccharides single sugars in straight chain or ring form
C:H:O usually in 1:2:1 ratio (glucose is C6H12O6)
examples: fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
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19. Monosaccharides
some monosaccharides are isomers, e.g., glucose, fructose, and galactose
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20. Disaccharides sugar molecules made from 2 single sugars
formed by a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction
See animation:
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Sucrose, maltose (malt sugar used in making beer), lactose (in milk), etc.

21. Find the sugars…
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22. Polysaccharides
oligosaccharides are shorter-chain sugars with 3-10 single sugars
longer chain carbohydrates are called polysaccharides
examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

23. Polysaccharides
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24. Lipids 4 groups: Functions: fats & oils phospholipids steroids waxes
energy storage
insulation
absorption of vitamins
raw materials
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25. Triglycerides most common type of fat
glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules
saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains
See animation:
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26. Phospholipids key component of cell membranes
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group
phosphate end is polar and water-soluble, fatty acid end is non-polar
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27. Phospholipids
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28. Steroids (Sterols) carbon-based multiple-ring structure
used to make hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
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29. Waxes long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols/carbon rings
suitable as water-proof coating for plant leaves, animal feathers, etc.
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