2. Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism

3. Key Events

4. -The Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979 in order to support the Communist Party’s push for power in the Country. -The opposing side was an Islamic Fundamentalist, Osama Bin Laden being one of them, group that was supported by the United States and Western Allies. -In 1989, the Soviet finally withdrew from Afghanistan.

5. The Soviet Union sent troops to Afghanistan to help the communist government there in a civil war.

6. Then the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to set up a pro-Moscow government. For the next 9 years, a civil war broke out with different tribes of Afghanistan against and with the Soviet forces. The Soviets pulled out in 1989, but they left a pro-Moscow government who fell with the Soviet Union in 1992. Over 1 million Afghans were killed. 5 million Afghans fled to Pakistan and Iran. Another 2 million Afghans were displaced within the country. In the 1980s, one out of two refugees in the world was an Afghan Vital parts of the Afghan economy were destroyed including Irrigations systems to provide water for farming

7. This led to a long war between Soviet troops and Afghan rebels (Mujahedeen). The United States was supporting the Afghan rebels. In 1989, an alliance of Afghan rebel groups took power and the Soviet troops left.

8. The Taliban’s primary opposition was called the Northern Alliance, and by 2001, the Northern Alliance had been pushed back to only 10% of Afghanistan to the north. Then, as we all know, the events of September 11 th, 2001. The United States knew that Osama Bin Laden was in Afghanistan, and that we were going to go in there and get him. In October of 2001, the United States invaded, and in a short time, by December of 2001, swept through and took control of the major cities and pushed the Taliban and Al Qaeda to the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, and we helped to establish a new government that is in place today.

9. Compare and contrast the Russian and United States invasions. Do in a T-Chart or a Venn Diagram.

10. In 1979, Afghanistan was invaded and eventually controlled by the Soviet Union. In 1989, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union signed a peace agreement. In 1995, the Taliban, promising traditional, Islamic values came into power, imposing strict Islamic law, including revoking many women’s rights. In 2001, American troops force the Taliban from power. In 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first elected Afghan president.

12. Gained strength in 1995 Formed by Sunni Muslim Pashtun students, intellectuals and disaffected Mujaheddin (holy warriors) Trained in Pakistan fundamentalists, committed to ‘Sharia Law’ (the traditional Islamic law and moral code that prescribes how Muslims should best conduct their lives).

13. Under the Taliban’s rule, human rights and civil liberties were slowly peeled away. The Taliban instituted cruel and inhumane treatment of those who opposed them in order to solidify their power over Afghanistan’s citizens.

14. Turmoil in Afghanistan continued and in the mid- 1990’s a radical Muslim group called the Taliban arose. The Taliban took over most of Afghanistan and ruled strictly. The Taliban forced women to wear veils and stop working outside the home.

16. Taliban came to power in most Afghanistan by 1996. Osama bin Laden moved his terrorist activities there. Used mountain hideouts as a base of operations for his terrorist network called al-Qaeda. Map of Afghanistan in 1996 showing the amount of Taliban territory captured at that time (yellow). The Afghan Civil War commenced between 1996-2001 before coalition forces headed by the United States began air strikes against the Taliban.

17. Prior to 2001, the Taliban, led by Mullah Mohammad Omar, ruled Afghanistan under Islamic law. During this time, women had virtually no rights and received no education. Watching television and listening to music were forbidden, as were playing games and sports. The United States entered Afghanistan in October 2001 and replaced the Taliban with an elected president. While the Taliban lost some power and the people regained some rights, the Taliban has not gone away. Instead, it has worked to regain power by promising to help Afghanistan’s poorest people and aligning itself with warlords, al-Qaida, and other militant groups to gain financial support and recruit new fighters. Taliban Leader Mullah Mohammad Omar

18. Examples of abuses: three men accused of a crime had been sentenced to death by being partially buried in the ground and then having a wall pushed over on them by a bulldozer, a bizarre and labor-intensive form of execution dreamed up by the supreme leader of the Taliban.

19. After another accused criminal was hanged, his corpse was driven around the city, swinging from a crane. A young woman caught trying to flee Afghanistan with a man who was not her relative was stoned to death. On another occasion, it was announced over the airwaves that 225 women had been rounded up and sentenced to a lashing for violating the dress code. When the Taliban castrated and then hanged the former communist president and his brother in 1996, they left their bloodied bodies dangling from lampposts in busy downtown Kabul for three days. Photographs of the corpses appeared in news magazines and newspapers around the world.

20. The Taliban imposed their harsh brand of Islamic law in the 90 percent of Afghanistan under their control. The Taliban say their version of Islam is a pure one that follows a literal interpretation of the Muslim holy book, The Koran. Under Taliban laws, murderers were publicly executed by the relatives of their victims. Adulterers are stoned to death and the limbs of thieves were amputated. Lesser crimes were punished by public beatings. 19

21. Taliban executing a rebel on the spot Dead bodies left in the street to rot by Taliban in Heart. People forbidden to bury the bodies. 20

22. There were almost weekly executions or amputations of criminals in the Kabul stadium before November 1999, when a woman was killed for hacking to death her abusive husband. The hiatus in public executions after that was attributed to a decline in crime in the capital. 21

23. Rules for Everyone

24. No television. No music. No movies No picnics No wedding parties No New Year celebrations No kind of mixed-sex gathering No children's toys, including dolls and kites No card and board games No cameras No photographs and paintings of people and animals No pet parakeets No cigarettes and alcohol No magazines and newspapers, and most books. They even forbade applause -- a moot point, since there was nothing left to applaud. The only books available must be approved by the Taliban. Enemies of the Taliban are put in jail. Protesting is not permitted. All windows must be painted black so that no-one is able to see inside. Photographs are illegal.

25. Bamyan Buddha before (left) After the explosion (right) 24

26. In 2001, blew up ancient Buddhist statues (1,500 years old) near city of Bamiyan Allowed al-Qaeda & Osama bin Laden to operate within the country To give one an idea of scale, note the two individuals sitting here. http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03- 22-afghan-buddhas.htm

29. February 27, 1998 --Thirty-thousand men and boys poured into the sports stadium in Kabul, capital of Afghanistan. Nuts, biscuits and tea were sold to the waiting crowd. The scheduled entertainment? They were there to see a young woman receive 100 lashes, and to watch two thieves have their right hands amputated. The woman had been arrested walking with a man who was not a relative, a sufficient crime for her to be found guilty of adultery. Since she was single, it was punishable by flogging; had she been married, she would have been publicly stoned to death.

30. As the young woman, completely covered in the shroud-like burqa veil, was forced to kneel and then whipped, Taliban "cheerleaders" had the stadium ringing with the chants of onlookers. Among those present there were just three women: the young Afghan, and two female relatives who had accompanied her.

31. The crowd fell silent only when the thieves were driven into the arena and pushed to the ground. Physicians using surgical scalpels promptly carried out the amputations. Holding the severed hands aloft by the index fingers, a grinning Taliban fighter warned the huge crowd, "These are the chopped-off hands of thieves, the punishment for any of you caught stealing.“ Then, to restore the party atmosphere, the thieves were driven in a jeep once around the stadium, a flourish that brought the crowd to their feet, as was intended.

32. It would probably be quicker to list what the Taliban hadn't banned. The regime even outlawed paper bags. Like many of their laws, this would be laughable if the penalties weren't so severe. Break the Taliban's law and you risked imprisonment, flogging, or worse.

33. Freedom from Fear Freedom to Vote Freedom of Speech Freedom from Torture Freedom of Choice Freedom of Religion Freedom from enslavement

35. May not work outside the home. May not participate in any activity outside the home unless accompanied by her husband or male relative (no shopping, walking…) May not be treated by male doctor. May not study at any institutions, including schools and universities. Must wear the long veil (burqa/burka) which covers them from head to toe. If found guilty of adultery, will be publically stoned to death. May not laugh loudly – no stranger should hear a woman’s voice. May not wear high heels – no man should hear a woman’s footsteps.

36. BeforeDuringAfter *Women carried out businesses transactions * Education for women and their right to vote was introduced to the constitution in 1964 *Job positions held by women: - 70% teachers - 50% civil servants - 40% doctors *Taliban took over in the 1990’s *Restricted and violated women’s right on education, work and freedom of movement *Imposed harsh penalties on women for breaking such rules. E.g.: public lashings *Restricted access to health care services *Strict dress code *Taliban was overthrown in 2001 *Over one million girls are attending school *Access to health care services *Afghan government and NGO has set up programs to improve women’s status and public participations.

37. Women were educated & employed. 50% of students 70% of teachers 50% government workers 40% of doctors

38. Before the Taliban took over, women had the right to education, were represented in government and worked in offices. Forty percent of the country's doctors were women.

39. No Rights At All: Discrimination Against Afghanistan Women In Afganistan, the year 1996, the Tailbanian took over and began their enforcement of laws, mostly against women. Some laws include: Girls over 12 must wear a burqa Girls over 12 are forbidden to leave the home without a male relative and cannot go to WORK or SCHOOL No video cassettes, music, cameras No white socks In every house where a women lives the windows must be painted black

40. Taliban rules: Women Must always be escorted in public by male relative and wearing burqa. Must not wear high heeled shoes (sound of women’s footsteps excite men). Cannot speak in public Women cannot be seen from street—all ground and first floor windows must be painted over. No photography of women Place names not to be women’s May not appear on balconies May not appear in the media Above, a Taliban religious policeman beats a woman in for being in public without a male relative. Left, Afghan women are dressed in the burqa

41. Must wear a burqa outside their home. Must wear a burqa inside if a male is present.

42. In public, women must be covered from head to toe by a burqa, an oppressive garment that has only a tiny mesh opening over the eyes.

43. Through the burga the woman is unable to breath or see properly. She is unable to feel the sunshine or receive beneficial vitamin C from the sun.

44. View through a veil, or burka, which all Afghan women are required to wear outside the home. Restricted vision has reportedly caused numerous accidents involving vehicles and women pedestrians. 43

46. Since enforced veiling, a growing number of women have been hit by vehicles because the burqa leaves them unable to walk fast, or see where they are going. Once a Taliban tank rolled right over a veiled woman. Fortunately, she fell between the tracks. Instead of being crushed to death, she was not seriously hurt, but was severely traumatized.

47. Laws under the Taliban It's now illegal to wear makeup, nail polish, jewelry, pluck your eyebrows, cut your hair short, wear colorful or stylish clothes, sheer stockings, white socks and shoes, high heel shoes, walk loudly, talk loudly, laugh in public or to participate in sports.

48. One woman had the top of her thumb amputated for the crime of wearing nail polish.

49. Female education, from kindergarten through graduate school, banned. Must do all of the household chores. Must not travel on a bus without a man or note authorizing permission. Employment for women, banned

51. In fact, the government didn't believe women should go out at all: "Women, you should not step outside your residence" read one of the Taliban dictates.

52. Beating women (left) Executing a woman publicly (right) 51

53. A young mother, Torpeka, was shot repeatedly by the Taliban while rushing her seriously ill toddler to a doctor. Veiled as the law requires, she was spotted by a teenage Taliban guard, who tried to stop her because she shouldn't have left her home. Afraid her child might die if she were delayed, Torpeka kept going. The guard aimed his machine-gun and fired several rounds directly at her She was hit, but didn't die on the spot, as she could have. Instead, Afghans watching the incident in the marketplace stepped in, and Torpeka and her child received prompt medical attention. When her family later complained to the Taliban authorities, they were informed that it was the injured woman's fault. She had no right being out in public in the first place.

54. The Taliban took control of Kabul on Sept. 26, 1996, and began a reign of terror. Because of the civil unrest many Afghan women are widows -- there are 30,000 in Kabul alone - without close male relatives, and they are the sole supporters of their children.

55. 15,000 women in the Kabul region of Afghanistan are widows, but the law of the Taliban, the Islamic fundamentalist groups that rule the region, forbids them from leaving their homes without a male family member as an escort. (John Moore/AP Photo)

56. Yet, by Taliban law they are unable to work to support the children, or leave the house without a male family member to buy food. If there isn’t a male family member, they face the possibility of a beating every time they leave their home. There are a few supplemental houses which provide free food to widows and orphans, but many are forced to beg in the streets for money.

57. Thousands of Afghan war-widows have no other option but to beg to save their children from hunger. Any Taliban man can flog these ill-fated women in the streets because most of them have to leave their houses without a close male relative.

58. Afghan women begging to survive.

59. Talibs, like these boys, are authorized to use weapons and whips on women if they decide any are breaking the Taliban's repressive laws.

60. Taliban “religious police” beating a woman in public.

61. Prohibited women and girls from being examined by male physicians while at the same time, prohibited most female doctors and nurses from working. There were only a few, selected female doctors allowed to operate in segregated wards. Medical Issues for Women

62. At one of the rare hospitals for women, a reporter found still, nearly lifeless bodies lying motionless on top of beds, wrapped in their burqua, unwilling to speak, eat, or do anything, but slowly wasting away. Others have gone mad and were seen crouched in corners, perpetually rocking or crying, most of them in fear.

63. Conditions were so deplorable for women under the Taliban that many became severely depressed. Without the resources to leave the country, an increasing number were choosing suicide, once rare there, as a means of escape. "Doctors are seeing a lot of esophageal burns. Women are swallowing battery acid, or poisonous household cleansers, because they are easy to find. But it's a very painful way to die."

64. Women have died of treatable ailments because male doctors were not allowed to treat them. Many women, now forcibly housebound, have attempted suicide by swallowing household cleaner, rather than continuing to live under these conditions. 97% of Afghan women surveyed by Physicians for Human Rights exhibit signs of major depression. The Medical Results of a Taliban Rule

65. At a huge risk of women students continue their education in an underground school.

66. A woman who dared to defy Taliban orders by running a home school for girls was shot and killed in front of her husband, daughter, and students. A woman caught trying to flee Afghanistan with a man not related to her was stoned to death for adultery. An elderly woman was brutally beaten with a metal cable until her leg was broken because her ankle was accidentally showing from underneath her burqa. The Consequences Breaking a Taliban Rule

67. Although the new constitution guarantees equal rights an opportunities for both men and women…that is not always the case. Health care Child birth highest maternal death rate in the world Male doctors Men & boys take precedence in the few emergency rooms that exist (very few hospitals after Taliban rule) Unequal opportunities: jobs, divorce, custody

68. Taliban Insurgencies – harsh policies for women Afghanistan’s Human Rights Commission 1,500 atrocities against women (2008) 1/3 domestic violence cases 200 forcibly married 98 set themselves on fire 100+ tried to commit suicide by taking poison Increasing number of women taking drugs Judgments against women (Jirgas) New “Rape Law” against Shiite women

69. Imagine your were an older woman who lived under the prior government and was used to all the freedoms. How would you feel now that you are under the control of the Taliban? How is your life different? Explain.

70. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks were traced to Osama bin Laden and his al Qaeda network based in Afghanistan.

72. What do your remember of Sept 11, 2001? Where were you?

73. A very complex organization that has been in existence since the late 1980’s Commits acts of violence aimed at America and Western Allies. Al-Qaeda training camp

74. Al-Qaeda starts in the aftermath of Soviet invasion 1987 By 1989 begins to target America Recruits from across the globe including America No solid base (Afghanistan, Egypt, Iraq) 1991-1996 primarily based in Sudan Much soldier training and a system of Hierarchy stabilized (Bin Laden, Deputy, 5 committees)

75. Offers to raise a mujahidin army to defend Saudi Arabia from a potential invasion from Iraq in 1990 Saudi Arabia declines his offer opting instead to accept the assistance of the U.S. and allow American troops (including women soldiers) in Saudi Arabia Moves to Sudan by invitation of the Sudanese government in 1991 Supports several small to medium attacks against Western interests Moves to Afghanistan in 1996 by invitation of the Taliban Cruise missiles fired at al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan to kill bin Laden in 1998

76. Soldiers operate in fast moving light forces. Work in complete secrecy to complete complex strategic strikes. Avoids engagement in conventional fighting (forces are not strong enough) Spreads rumors, fear and discouragement among enemy forces Relies on a force of over 20,000 professionally trained soldiers throughout the world. The organization’s strengths are its’ secrecy extensive influence and planning.

77. A. Attacks: 1. World Trade Center – 1993 2. Tanzanian and Kenyan US Embassies – 1998 3. USS Cole – 2000 4. World Trade Center 2001 5. Kenyan Hotel -2002 6. Bali nightclub – 2002 7. Many attacks in Saudi Arabia – 2001-2004 8. Istanbul synagogue and HSBC bank – 2004 B. Goals: 1. to unite Muslims to fight against the U.S. as a way of defeating Israel 2. overthrowing non-Islamic regimes 3. expelling westerners and non-Muslims from Muslim countries 4. merged with Egyptian Islamic Jihad in 2001 5. merged with al-Zarqawi’s group -2004

78. C. Individuals: 1. Usama bin Laden 2. Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi 3. Ayman al-Zawahiri D. Financing; 1. personal wealth - Usama 2. fund raising –false Muslim and humanitarian charities 3. wealthy Arab sheiks (Saudi Arabia) 4. individuals and businesses 5. the heroin trade

79. “The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies─civilians and military─is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it.” “The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies─civilians and military─is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it. ” Fatwa issued by Osama bin Laden & Ayman al-Zawahiri on 23 February 1998

80. Al-Qaeda cells operate in African countries as well. 1998 bombings occurred at the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania leaving 200 dead and more than 5,000 people injured. The U.S. responded with missile strikes against terrorist facilities in Afghanistan and Sudan. Bin Laden was based in Sudan from 1991-1996. Predator drones used to attack terrorist bases in Sudan and Afghanistan.

82. "I am not afraid of death. I came here to die. Some of my supporters followed me here just to die for the cause of Islam. They are ready to defend me and to kill anyone who thinks of attacking our positions or sites." Osama Bin Laden 81

84. The U.S. government charges that Osama bin Laden heads an international terrorist network called "Al Qaeda," an Arabic word meaning 'the base.' 83

85. Afghans did not carry out the terrorist attacks on the U.S. Al-Qaeda, a terrorist network operating within Afghanistan and other places, did. Many Afghans expressed their solidarity with the people of the U.S. after Sept. 11. After September 11, the U.S. invaded Afghanistan and toppled the Taliban for sheltering Osama bin Laden. U.S. and NATO forces remain in Afghanistan today. http://www.indiadaily.org/images/9_11_attack.jpg

86. Claims responsibility for attack on USA Taliban lets Al- Qaeda hide out in their county because they are allies.

88. According to Bin Laden, he is concerned with American foreign policy towards, and American actions in, the Muslim world US support for Israel in its ongoing theft of Arab land US support for corrupt and repressive regimes in the Muslim world (Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states). Post 9/11, the US has added to an already long list of Muslim grievances by occupying Afghanistan and Iraq.

89. According to Bin Laden, he has never said that the attacks were, are, or will be because of American freedoms, the rights of our citizens, or even because of our religious differences. He has said that the reasons for the attacks of the past as well as those of the future will be because of the way the US and its allies treat the Muslim World.

90. The Destruction: Fuel—The flights were near their start, therefore the tanks were full. Explosions and fires weakened the skyscrapers, and both towers fell within two hours. Pentagon damage confined to only one section of the building. Human Death Toll: about 3,000 All passengers WTC workers/visitors 340 NYC firefighters 60 NYC police officers

91. Scheduled route: Boston to LA Aircraft: Boeing 767 Building Hit: North Tower (WTC 1) at 8:46 AM. 92 on board The hijackers

92. Scheduled route: Boston to LA Aircraft: Boeing 767 Building Hit: South Tower (WTC 2) at 9:03 AM. 65 on board The hijackers

93. United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into the south tower

94. Map showing the attacks on the World Trade Center (the planes are not drawn to scale).

95. Diagram of how parts of the airplanes fell to the ground.

96. Route: Washington, D.C. (Dulles) to L.A. Aircraft: Boeing 757 Building Hit: Pentagon, Arlington, VA 58 on board The hijackers

98. Scheduled Route: Newark, NJ to San Francisco Aircraft: Boeing 575 Terrorists Target: Speculated to be Washington, D.C. Crash Site: Somerset County, PA 44 on board The passengers revolted against the hijackers, and the aircraft crashed before reaching its intended target. The hijackers

99. If you had been on that plane, How would you have felt knowing your fate? What would you have done? Explain.

101. The full-scale war brought by America was expected Al-Qaeda groups become almost separate working loosely with mother Al-Qaeda (Southeast Asia, North America, Europe, Iraq, North Africa and East Africa) Aside from war in Iraq since 2002 groups have made attacks on the US and seven of our allies. (18 major attacks in 11 countries) Each Al-Qaeda group is strengthened by perceived injustices to that country (i.e. radical Egyptians in North Africa)

102. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi is believed to have formed Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in Afghanistan during the 1980s May have received some funds from al-Qaeda but operated independently Original objective was to overthrow the Jordanian government and establish an Islamic state Expanded urban guerilla warfare in Iraq to include terrorist tactics also targeting Iraqis Officially merged with al-Qaeda 21 October 2004 (finally providing an al-Qaeda connection to Iraq)

103. 5 deaths (including 2 postal workers) 17 infections Suspected perpetrator: Bruce Edward Irvins (died July 29, 2008 of suicide after he was informed he would be prosecuted for murder), a microbiologist and vaccinologist who was supposed to develop vaccines against anthrax. However, many people doubt the government’s conclusions about Irvins. Some coworkers said they would have noticed him develop the anthrax that was used. One historian believes the anthrax Irvins developed was stolen by an al-Qaida sympathizer at George Mason University because of lax security. We will probably never know. The cost of the cleanup to decontaminate buildings where anthrax was found was about $1 billion. A letter sent to Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle containing anthrax powder killed two postal workers Targets: ABC News CBS News NBC News New York Post National Enquirer Senators Tom Daschle Patrick Leahy

104. FAA orders airlines to install bars on cockpit doors Plain clothed sky marshals assigned to fly on planes National Guard patrolled airports Aviation and Transportation Act (2001)—airport security became the responsibility of the federal government. ALL baggage (even checked baggage) is screened.

106. Why can’t we find Osama bin Laden or at least win and end the current war in Afghanistan? The rugged terrain makes it difficult to organize, fight, and rule people.

107. Osama bin Laden evaded capture for almost 10 years. In the mean time the United States had engaged in wars in Iraq (looking for weapons of mass destruction) and in Afghanistan (against the Taliban who supported terrorism). bin Laden was suspected of hiding out in the mountainous regions of Afghanistan.

110. 109

111. 110

112. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Early on the CIA sought to identify al-Qaeda couriers (messengers who pass information) who might have contact with bin Laden. Detainees in the CIA’s secret prison system revealed the name of an al-Qaeda courier with the pseudonym Abu Ahmed al- Kuwaiti. When No. 3 al-Qaeda leader Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was captured by the CIA he admitted knowing al-Kuwaiti, but said he was not operating in al-Qaeda. The CIA believed he was protecting the courier.

113. In 2004, a top operative for al-Qaeda was captured in Iraq named Hassan Ghul. Ghul revealed to the CIA that al-Kuwaiti was indeed a key courier in the al-Qaida organization close to operational commander Faraj al-Libi. In May 2005 Faraj al-Libi was captured by the CIA, but he adamantly denied that al-Kuwaiti was the secret courier. This convinced the CIA that he, as well as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was protecting the identity of the courier.

114. After years, detainees revealed the real name of the courier al- Kuwaiti as Sheikh Abu Ahmed, a Pakistani born in Kuwait. One detainee gave false information that Abu Ahmed was wounded fleeing U.S. forces and died in his arms. But in the middle of 2010 Abu Ahmed used the telephone and his conversation was monitored by U.S. officials. In August 2010 Abu Ahmed was tracked to the mysterious compound in Abbottabad. It had unusually high walls. No one came or went. There was no telephone or internet. U.S. authorities became convinced that a high level terrorist was living there.

115. CIA aerial view of the bin Laden compound

116. President Hamid Karzai was the first elected president in the history of Afghanistan. He came to power after the Taliban was overthrown in late 2001. He was formally elected to a five-year term in 2004. Karzai has survived numerous assassination attempts and has been assigned the task of rebuilding Afghanistan. Some of the major problems he must address include providing the country with an infrastructure so that citizens have the basic necessities of life, keeping the Taliban out of power and controlling the warlords who perpetuate the illegal drug trade.

117. Prime Minister Hamid Karzai (left) Deputy Premier Dr. Sima Samar (right) – one of two women in the government 116

118. If you were President Karzai, what would be the top three changes or programs you would implement immediately in Afghanistan? Explain.

119. Islamic Republic 3 branch system: executive, judicial, legislative President: Hamid Karzai elected 2004 Target of assassination attempt in September 2002 Karzai’s one mission is to “bring peace to Afghanistan”

120. War lords control large parts of Afghanistan. When the Taliban were removed, cooperation among war lords decreased 119

121. Corruption very high: Corruption 1,5 & 176/180 CPI Drug related (Opium) issues are dominant History of unqualified appointees Poor judiciary & legal enforcement systems Karzai & other government officials accused of using connections for profit, including his brother “Foreigners have defamed Afghanistan so badly in terms of corruption. But it's not as serious as they think”

122. “corruption and inefficiency in Afghanistan were as much to blame as the Taliban insurgency for the country's instability” ½ said corruption had increased among officials and the police in Afghanistan anti-corruption department, and a more open government

123. How do you combat government corruption like this? Explain.

124. Recovering from decades of conflict Has improved since the fall of the Taliban in 2001 Highly dependent on foreign aid Instability inhibits economic growth

125. - Budget sustainability - Job creation - Corruption - Rebuilding war-torn infrastructure

126. - GDP 35 billion (2007) - GDP Real Growth Rate 7.5% - GDP per capita $1,000 (2007) - Ranks 157 th in the World - Inflation Rate 13% - Unemployment Rate 40% (2005) - Labor Force, approximately 15 million - Agriculture 80%, Industry 10%, Services 10%

127. Imports Capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products Exports Opium, fruits, nuts, hand-woven carpets, wool, cotton, precious gems

128. Lifeblood of Afghan economy 38% of GDP, non-opium agriculture 12% of land is arable and only half that is cultivated Accounts for 80% of workforce Not self-sufficient in agriculture and must rely on food aid to meet domestic needs Increasing agricultural production has been a focus of development efforts in Afghanistan

129. Greatest illicit opium producer in the world In 2007, 93% of the opiates on the world market originated in Afghanistan (export value of 4 billion) High rate of return on investment from opium poppy cultivation has driven an agricultural shift in Afghanistan from growing traditional crops to growing opium poppy. Shortage of food and other crop production (wheat, fruit, nuts, etc) Opium

130. Unexploited mining territory Geological surveys are incomplete, additional energy and mineral deposits likely to be found As economic conditions improve, Afghanistan will be in a better position to attract investment World Bank estimates value of mineral production could be $253 million, compared to $60 million currently May be a key to long-term economic development! Produces: natural gas, copper, iron Has deposits of: marble, salt, gold, and silver

131. Important and growing component in economy Trade deficit Increased in recent years as more development aid and equipment have entered country Inflow of foreign aid is large enough to wipe out current deficit, help to keep monetary conditions stable

132. Population: 33,609,937 people Age Breakdown: 0-14 years: 44.5% (male 7,664,670/female 7,300,446) 15-64 years: 53% (male 9,147,846/female 8,679,800) 65 years and over: 2.4% (male 394,572/female 422,603) Life Expectancy: total population: 44.64 years male: 44.47 years female: 44.81 years Median Age: 17.6 years. Pop. Growth Rate: 2.629% Birth Rate: 45.82 births/1,000 population Death Rate: 19.56 deaths/1,000 population Sex Ratio: total population: 1.05 male(s)/female

133. WHO – “Afghanistan's health status is one of the worst in the world” HIV/AIDS Percentage: 0.01% This number is expected to rise as the number of drug users goes up. (ie heroin, opium) Major Diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever, malaria, rabies Health Sector is dismal at best. Lacks… infrastructure, competent workers, supplies, open channels of communication, terrible information systems. Health related expenses amount to.5% of GDP 1 doctor/6000 patients 1 nurse/2500 patients

134. Update/improve information systems Restore/update facilities Extend care to rural areas Drug availability Hire more trained workers Boost efficiency of response time to natural disasters.

135. 39 % of children under age five are underweight 48 % of children under age five are under height 61 % of the population is without sustainable access to an improved water source Access to safe water: 23% Access to adequate sanitation: 12 % In 2001 8% of pop’n had access to basic healthcare. Most used alternative healthcare ie. Midwives

136. 7 y/o Eats breakfast 7AM every morning. 1 loaf of bread lasts her, her two brothers and her parents 3 days. 10 AM, gets 12 small biscuits from school. Eats 6, brings home the rest to family. Lunchtime, goes home and has bread with some oil. 9PM, eats bread with a little yogurt for dinner.

137. More than 10 million children have suffered under 10 years of drought and civil war. Afghanistan ranks number 1 in worldwide maternal mortality One in three Afghan children is an orphan Almost half of Afghan children suffer from chronic malnutrition 136

138. Looking in garbage (above left) Picking wheat grains from ground (below) 137 Kids wait in line for food aid (right)

139. 50% of pop is under 18. UNICEF says 30% of primary school aged children are working. 21% of child laborers work in shops 13% work as street vendors Poverty is the driving force. Parents can’t pay for schooling Opportunity cost of schooling is high.

140. Two Types Religious Schooling Secular Schooling (introduced in 1964) Post-Taliban, resurgence in education Schools are in a disarray though. funding is limited and unstable Security of Schools is a problem. Taliban destroy secular schools. Illiteracy: 56% men, 87 % women Hinderance in workforce

141. Rights of women enshrined in the new Constitution Women can participate in every walk of life 91 of 361 members of Parliament are women It is becoming ok to talk about forced marriages, rapes, honor killings, etc. Human rights groups are starting to document and publicize atrocities Groups & campaigns fighting for Muslim women’s rights Polygamy, inheritance, custody, consent to marry International attention “Rape Law” to be amended Rights groups around the world

142. As of today, Afghanistan is still a LDC Security against Taliban is shakey US troop deployment Taliban are numerous & attack the few gov’t services available Their goal is to demoralize the country & international community. 2100 Afghani’s dead from insurgent attacks.

143. As of 2006, Afghani’s are feeling hopeless Surveyed 1000 citizens from 13 provinces and balanced the different ethnic groups. Surveyed on Pillars of Reconstruction Security Governance Justice Economic Opportunity Social Well-Being

144. Kal's Cartoons http://www.kaltoons.com/wordpress/2009/12/kal-economist-afghanistan-cartoons/

145. Kal's Cartoons http://www.kaltoons.com/wordpress/2009/12/kal-economist-afghanistan-cartoons/

147. After watching the DVD and this lecture, what do you think is the best way for Afghanistan to get back on its feet? Explain.