Bio 104: Issues in Biotechnology

Bio 104: Issues in Biotechnology
The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us Lecture 6 Some More Techniques in Biotechnology The Mechanics of DNA © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch Kimberly Nelson OnCampus Live BCH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, NRS 190, PLS 190 OnLine BCH 190 A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology A Public Access College Course The University of Rhode Island Issues in Biotechnology: Biotechnology, Our Society and Our Future life edu.us Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch Kimberly Nelson BCH 190 Section I. The Mechanics of Life and General Biotechnology Section II. The Applications of Biotechnology A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology A Public Access College Course The University of Rhode Island © life_edu life edu.us Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us 5. Trends, Patterns and Relationships in Biology 6. Some More Techniques in Biotechnology The Mechanics of DNA A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology A Public Access College Course The University of Rhode Island © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us Lecture 6 Some More Techniques in Biotechnology The Mechanics of DNA © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

Are there any foods or ingredients that you have avoided or eaten less of? (A) yes (B) no (C) do know (D) refuse to answer © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

Half of consumers are avoiding some food/ingredient…
Bio 104: Issues in Biotechnology Half of consumers are avoiding some food/ingredient… Are there any foods or ingredients that you have avoided or eaten less of? © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

If yes, what foods or ingredients did you avoid or eat less of? Foods/ingredients avoided sugar / carbohydrates fats / cholesterol (C) animal products (D) salt / spices (E) biotechnology products © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

…it’s not biotech! Bio 104: Issues in Biotechnology If yes, what foods or ingredients did you avoid or eat less of? (Open-ended; Multiple responses allowed, n = 478) Foods/ingredients avoided 3/05 Sugar/Carbohydrates 58% Fats/Cholesterol 37% Animal Products 34% Salt/Spices 14% Snack Foods 11% Biotechnology < ½ % IFIC 2005 © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

FDA requires special labeling when a food is produced under certain conditions: when biotechnology’s use introduces an allergen or when it substantially changes the food’s nutritional content... Otherwise special labeling is not required. Would you say that you support or oppose this policy of FDA? (A) support (B) oppose (C) neither support or oppose (D) don’t know (E) refuse to answer © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

Current FDA labeling policy supported by majority
Bio 104: Issues in Biotechnology Current FDA labeling policy supported by majority FDA requires special labeling when a food is produced under certain conditions: when biotechnology’s use introduces an allergen or when it substantially changes the food’s nutritional content... Otherwise special labeling is not required. Would you say that you support or oppose this policy of FDA? Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

It is now possible to clone any gene from any organism and move it into plants © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

Plasmids are circular pieces of DNA found in some bacteria Many copies per cell Antibiotic resistance gene Plasmids can be cut and pasted back together Foreign genes can be inserted © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

How is a gene cloned? Boyer, Cohen, and Berg, 1972 Enzymes were discovered that cut DNA at specific sequences And subsequently, enzymes were discovered that paste DNA together The ability to cut and paste DNA allowed gene cloning Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

How is a gene cloned? Foreign DNA (gene) is inserted into a plasmid that has a gene for antibiotic resistance The plasmid is introduced into a bacterial cell and grown on the antibiotic Only bacteria with the plasmid grow…the inserted gene is copied many times Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

Anatomy of a Transgene Promoter Coding Sequence Terminator Protein coding sequence Cell specificity Developmental specificity Start transcription Stop transcription Message stability Gene constructs can be moved into plants and the gene is expressed driven by the promoter sequence © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

Agricultural Biotechnology Genetically Modified Foods: Panacea Or Pandora’s Box? © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

Agricultural Biotechnology Genetically Modified Organisms GMO How is it done? It is now possible to clone any gene from any organism and move it into plants © life_edu Feb 20a: Agricultural Biochechnology

Constitutive expression of rainbow trout growth factor hormone
A Success Story: Genetically Modified Salmon Constitutive expression of rainbow trout growth factor hormone All salmon shown are fourteen months old, those at the bottom are the controls

Transgenic Atlantic salmon produced by Aqua Bounty Inc.
Growth rate, not ultimate size is enhanced. Commercial production of Aqua Bounty salmon is being reviewed by FDA. First transgenic meat product.

Would you order genetically modified salmon at a restaurant if you also had a choice of wild salmon?
yes no (C) doesn’t matter (D) undecided

Tools and Techniques used in Biotechnology

Gene transfer from one organism to another is not new
Image of two species of bacteria transferring viral phage particles Bacteria transfer genes to other bacteria and plants Now in nature there is another organism capable of Transferring DNA: we call that organism a human being

Gel Electrophoresis: the separation of molecules,
DNA, RNA and proteins by charge and size Electro refers to the energy of electricity. Phoresis, from the Greek verb phoros, means “to carry across.” Thus, gel electrophoresis refers to the technique in which molecules are forced across a span of gel, motivated by an electrical current.

Applications of Gel Electrophoresis
DNA Fingerprinting DNA Recombinant Technology Forensics The Human Genome Project

DNA carries a net negative charge; it
is negatively charged because the phosphates (red circles) that form the sugar-phosphate backbone of a DNA molecule have a negative charge.

As the separation process continues, the
separation between the larger and smaller fragments increases.

Molecular weight markers are often electrophoresed
with DNA. Molecular weight markers are usually a mixture of DNAs with known molecular weights. Molecular weight markers are used to estimate the sizes of DNA fragments in a DNA sample.

Molecular Biotechnology
The Techniques of Molecular Biotechnology Technology has created new Fields DNA detection Genomics DNA synthesis Bioinformatics DNA sequencing Pharmacogenomics DNA cloning Transgenics Expression cassette Computational construction Biology RNA detection Population Genetics Protein detection Proteomics

Molecular Biotechnology
Techniques of Molecular Biotechnology Polymerase Chain Reaction Southern Blot Analysis Northern Blot Analysis Western Blot Analysis cDNA Library Construction DNA Sequencing Gene Isolation Gene Vector Construction

The Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR The Polymerase Chain Reaction

The Polymerase Chain Reaction You Leave a Piece of You Behind
PCR The Polymerase Chain Reaction You Leave a Piece of You Behind

PCR was used on the “BLUE DRESS”
and showed President Clinton's association with Monica Lewinsky.

Polymerase Chain Reaction
Nobel laureate in Chemistry, 1994 PCR is Amplification

THERE ARE MILLIONS OF DIFFERENT GENES OR SEQUENCES WITHIN ANY DNA SAMPLE (BLOOD, TISSUE, PLANT, ETC.). A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE IS SELECTED TO BE AMPLIFIED (RED ABOVE). THIS SEQUENCE CAN BE ANY GENE OF INTEREST OR A NON-CODING MARKER REGION OF DNA.

IN ORDER TO COPY THE SEQUENCE OR GENE, A SHORT SEQUENCE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE SECTION MUST BE KNOWN. THIS REGION (BLUE ABOVE) WILL SERVE AS A PRIMER ATTACHMENT SITE TO COPY THE DNA TARGET SEGMENT.

IN ORDER TO AMPLIFY A SPECIFIC FRAGMENT OF DNA, SEVERAL THINGS ARE NEEDED, INCLUDING PRIMERS AND DNA POLYMERASE. AN ENZYME WHICH COPIES DNA, PRIMERS ARE SHORT PIECES OF DNA OR RNA DESIGNED TO PAIR WITH GENOMIC DNA AT A SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT SITE FOR THE MAIN PURPOSE OF HELPING THE DNA POLYMERASE BIND AT THE DESIRED SECTION.

NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATES, THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA ARE ALSO NEEDED.
EACH NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE CONSISTS OF: A BASE (ADENINE, THYMINE, CYTOSINE OR GUANINE). A SUGAR AND THREE PHOSPHATES.

WITHOUT A SHORT PIECE OF DNA(OR RNA) TO ATTACH TO, DNA POLYMERASE CAN NOT COPY A DNA STRAND.

PCR REQUIRES SEVERAL CYCLES OF AMPLIFICATION. EACH CYCLE CONSISTS OF
THREE TEMPERATURE CHANGES. THE STARTING TEMPERATURE (95 C) SEPARATES THE DNA STRANDS. A LOWERED TEMPERATURE (50-60 C) ALLOWS PRIMERS TO BIND TO COMPLEMENTARY SEQUENCES IN THE DNA. A SLIGHTLY HIGHER TEMPERATURE (72 C) ALLOWS DNA POLYMERASE TO ATTACH TO THE PRIMERS AND COPY THE DNA STRANDS (EXTENSION).

DNA STRANDS ARE SEPARATED BY HEATING @ 94o C.

THE TEMPERATURE IS LOWERED TO 54oC TO ALLOW PRIMERS TO PAIR WITH COMPLEMENTARY DNA SEQUENCES.

MAKING NEW DNA MOLECULES:
DNA POLYMERASE ATTACHES TO THE 72 C. DNA POLYMERASE ADDS NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATES TO THE PRIMERS TO COPY THE DNA STRANDS.

COPYING IS COMPLETED FOR EACH STRAND.

THE PROCESS IS REPEATED IN THE NEXT CYCLE.
THE TEMPERATURE IS RAISED AGAIN TO SEPARATE THE DNA STRANDS.

THE TEMPERATURE IS LOWERED TO ALLOW PRIMERS
TO ANNEAL. DNA POLYMERASE ATTACHES TO THE PRIMERS AND DNA IS COPIED TO MAKE 4 STRANDS OF DNA.

The stability of TAQ Polymerase allows for this amplification process through the three temperature changes.

THE PROCESS OF COPYING DNA STRANDS IS REPEATED
32-35 TIMES. WITH EACH AMPLIFICATION CYCLE, THE NUMBER OF COPIES OF THE DNA SEQUENCE IS DOUBLED UNTIL MILLIONS OF COPIES HAVE BEEN MADE.

Issues in Biotechnology
A method used to copy small amounts of DNA many times over was invented by Dr. Kary Mullis in the 1980s and is called PCR. PCR stands for: (A) Protein Chromosomal Replication (B) Polymerase Chain Reaction (C) Pipetman California Reaction (D) Peptide Catalytic Reactors (E) Polysaccharide Catalyst Repair

Forensic applications of DNA based technologies
Fingerprinting OJ Simpson Identification Paternity Crime Solving World wide data base

Forensic Identification: Basic Principles
Each of us is genetically unique If enough genetic variation is tested, each of us can be uniquely identified DNA is found in nearly all cells (blood, semen, hair, etc.) DNA from an evidentiary sample can be matched with DNA from a suspect to implicate or exonerate

STRs Are Used in Identity Testing
...atatatacaacttactaccatata ccgattacgatcgaattataccgcgga cgtagtaatgacgatgaagtaactata tatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatat atactacctaccagggaggagata... “Short Tandem Repeat sequence”

Laboratory PCR Instrument
INPUT: Sample DNA, PCR enzymes, primers, individual nucleotide building blocks (and maybe fluorescent labels) OUTPUT: Specific DNA fragments amplified millions of times for easy visualization With sizes that vary between individuals Here is a picture of one kind of PCR instrument. This one has the ability to do PCR on 96 samples at a time. Small tubes are inserted that contain the sample DNA, and all the ingredients to do PCR. The instrument cycles the temperature so that specific enzymes can unzip the DNA and make copies. The output after thermal cycling is a tube with the original ingredients plus millions of copies of the DNA segment of interest. It is now possible to set up the sample so that many different regions are copied all at the same time: called multiplex PCR.

After PCR, DNA Fragments are Separated on a Gel
PCR products for each sample - + TIME 5 45 15 10 40 20 25 30 35 Minutes Fragment Size 100 180 120 110 170 130 140 150 160 DNA fragments move through gel based on their size After amplifying (copying) the DNA in the two regions by PCR, the copied DNA is loaded on a gel, and separated by size. This process is called electrophoresis. When an electrical charge is placed on the gel, the DNA will move through the gel, with the smallest DNA fragments moving the fastest. In this example, samples from 5 different individuals DNA have been tested. Size standards are added at both sides of this example gel image. After a few minutes, the different fragments can be seen to separate by size, producing the spots shown here. Because we have 2 chromosomes, and the # of repeats is likely to be different on each chromosome, we usually see 2 spots for each DNA fragment being tested. In sample #5 however, only one green spot is seen, and the intensity of this spot would indicate that that individual has the same # of CGA repeats on both chromosomes. (Bring a gel box with a gel to show on camera)

Identity Testing Using PCR
Analysis of four different sections of the DNA Possible conclusions: A. Suspect 1 DNA was at the scene B. Suspect 2 DNA was C. Suspect 3 DNA was D. None were at the scene E. Multiple suspects were at the scene F. Data is inconclusive S = size standards V = victim’s DNA 1 = suspect #1 blood 2 = suspect #2 blood 3 = suspect #3 blood E = evidence #1

A complete match! S V 1 2 3 E S S = size standards V = victim’s DNA
450 S = size standards V = victim’s DNA 1 = suspect #1 blood 2 = suspect #2 blood 3 = suspect #3 blood E = evidence #1 400 A complete match! 350 300 250 200 150 100 50

PCR was used on the “BLUE DRESS”
and showed President Clinton's association with Monica Lewinsky.

DNA tests exclude Martin from gun grip in Zimmerman case September 19, 2012 Another round of evidence was released Wednesday in the second-degree murder case against George Zimmerman, including forensic tests that show Zimmerman’s DNA was the only one that could be identified on the grip of the gun used to shoot 17-year-old Trayvon Martin. Zimmerman’s DNA also was identified on the gun’s holster. The tests were inconclusive as to whether Martin’s DNA was on the gun’s holster.

Congratulations!!!!! You have $100,000.00!!!!!!! To Invest in Biotech.

Stock Project The idea is to select five biotechnology companies and invest $100,000 (fictitiously, of course)

Stock Project You can spread your money evenly across five companies (i.e. $20,000 each) or not. For example, if a company is trading at $20/share you can purchase 1,000 shares for $20, Look up companies on Google (e.g.: type Monsanto stock) and record their stock ticker designation (e.g.. MON of the New York Stock Exchange, NYSE). Observe their performance over the past year. Record current trading price per share and calculate how many shares you can buy. You must choose your companies and the number of shares. Submit a single page summary on these results. Toward the end of the course you will look up these same companies and determine the cost per share at that time. Calculate your losses or gains for each company and your total losses and gains. This project will be summarized at the end of the course in a one page summary of losses and gains.

Biotechnology Stocks Project
Congratulations!!!!! You have $100,000.00!!!!!!! To Invest in Biotech. 1. Select and Research five Biotech companies. 2. Print and submit the current stock quote and for each company. 3. Invest chosen amounts in each. Calculate the number of shares in each (Submit a One page summary). 4. Contact company to receive investors information (Optional). 5. Monitor Stock during the course. 6. Calculate gains and losses. Submit report with final exam.

Biotechnology and Industry
“In retrospect, recombinant-DNA may rank as the safest revolutionary technology ever developed.” - James D. Watson, Nobel Prize Winner, 1953

Biotechnology is directly linked with Industry
The Development of Biotechnology is directly linked with Industry The application of the biological sciences has moved from academia to the private sector Driven by profits and the promise of profits The distinction between Basic and Applied Science is blurred Basic science is immediately applied in today’s biotech

Biotech Industry Red vs Green companies pharmaceuticals vs agriculture (blood vs chlorophyll) Information Sciences Genomics Proteomics Phenomics Bioinformatics Population Genetics Clinical trials

The Role of Companies in the Development of Biotechnology
Technology Development Patents Markets and Products Market-driven Innovation

Genomics Companies Celera Incyte Genome Therapeutics Corp Millenium
Paradigm Genetics DuPont Genaissance Monsanto

Technology Companies Invitrogen Stratagene Qiagen Packard
PE Biosystems Kairos BioRobotics

Biotechnology Industry Advertisement of services
in international journals NATURE Science Nature Biotechnology “Picks and shovels for the Gold Rush”

And look at the ads! Innovative technologies become biotech products
Big money in licenses Commercialization of biotech products requires Freedom to Operate (FTO) with all the technologies used And look at the ads!

Agricultural Productivity Product Pipeline Benefits of Our Products
Home Who We Are Our Pledge Our Locations Company Leadership Company History Contact Us Our Products Leading Brands Seeds & Traits Agricultural Productivity Product Pipeline Benefits of Our Products Technical & Safety Info News & Media News Releases RSS & Subscriptions Monsanto in the News Key Contacts Calendar of Events Press Kit & Multimedia Executive Forum Monsanto is an agricultural company. We apply innovation and technology to help farmers around the world be successful, produce healthier foods, better animal feeds and more fiber, while also reducing agriculture's impact on our environment. » View Biotechnology Videos Roundup RReady2Yield™ Soybeans — Another Step Closer to Farmers' Fields Read More 2007 Farm Progress Show — “Road to Success” — Monsanto Technology Showcase Read More Delta & Pine Land — Monsanto Company Begins Combining Delta & Pine Land Business Read More Featured Story $21 Million Data Center Completed High-tech center will provide global IT support for Monsanto's growing data analysis needs Read More View All Featured Stories Recent News Mon, 17 Sep 2007 — Monsanto Increases Ongoing Earnings Per Share Guidance, Provides Free Cash Flow Guidance For Fiscal Year 2007 Fri, 14 Sep 2007 — Monsanto, Dow Agreement Paves the Way for Industry's First-Ever, Eight-Gene Stacked Offering in Corn Thu, 13 Sep 2007 — Monsanto to Provide Information to Iowa Attorney General Concerning Seed, Trait and Chemistry Business View All News Job Opportunities Monsanto Fund Scholarships Executive Speeches Financial Reports Monsanto Gift Shop DEKALB WingWear MSDS & Labels Biotech Resources Biotech Knowledge Center Our Values, described in the Monsanto Pledge, guide our business decisions. Copyright © Monsanto Company Contact Us | Sitemap | Legal Notice | Privacy Policy BioBelt Corporate Responsibility Our Pledge Business Conduct Corporate Governance Stewardship Corporate Giving Youth and Education Diversity Investors Corporate Profile Stock Performance Presentations & Financial Reports Calendar of Events Contact & Shareholder Info Careers Getting Started U.S. Job Opportunities International Job Opportunities Benefits & Rewards Career Development

» View Biotechnology Videos
Roundup RReady2Yield™ Soybeans — Another Step Closer to Farmers’ Fields Read More 2007 Farm Progress Show — “Road to Success” — Monsanto Technology Showcase Read More Delta & Pine Land — Monsanto Company Begins Combining Delta & Pine Land Business Read More Featured Story $21 Million Data Center Completed High-tech center will provide global IT support for Monsanto’s growing data analysis needs Read More View All Featured Stories Recent News Mon, 17 Sep 2007 — Monsanto Increases Ongoing Earnings Per Share Guidance, Provides Free Cash Flow Guidance For Fiscal Year 2007 Fri, 14 Sep 2007 — Monsanto, Dow Agreement Paves the Way for Industry’s First-Ever, Eight-Gene Stacked Offering in Corn Thu, 13 Sep 2007 — Monsanto to Provide Information to Iowa Attorney General Concerning Seed, Trait and Chemistry Business

Agricultural Biotechnology
Stock Price Stock Chart | Annual Report Stock Price Monsanto (MON) 89.79 -0.66 Dow Jones (DJIA) 13,451.41 -6.14Stock Chart | Annual Report

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology NYSE: PFE24.930.09
Stock Quote at: Sep :22PM Change 0.09 Vol 12,802,922 Day High 24.99 52 Wk. High 25.15 Day Low 24.79 52 Wk. Low 17.05 Open 24.91 Mkt. Cap(Bil) 186.21 Prev Close 24.84 Stock Symbol: PFE Stock Exchange: NYSE Stock Price Stock Chart | Annual Report

Biotechnology Stock Project Example Report 1
Henrietta Lack Student’s Name PLS 190 Issues in Biotechnology Professor Albert Kausch Due Date Biotechnology Company 1. Intel Corporation (INTC) $22.05 per share / 900 shares = $19,845 2. Amgen (AGN)$55.66 per share / 350 shares = $19,481 3. Pfizer (PFE) $14.78 per share / 1,500 shares = $22,170 4. Apple Inc. (AAPL) $ per share / $18,621 5. General Electric (GE) $15.38 per share / 1,292 shares = $19,870.96 Total = $99,987.96

Biotechnology Stock Project Example Report 1
Student’s Name Jack Straw BCH 190 Issues in Biotechnology Professor Albert Kausch Date Due October 3, 2012 Biotechnology Company Amgem Inc. AMGN: per share 356 shares for $20,000 Pfizer Inc PFE: per shares 1121 shares for $20,000 Monsanto Co MON: per share 303 shares for $20,000 Bio Rad Laboratories Inc BIO: per share 223 shares for $20,000 Syngenta AG SVJ: Euros per share 71 shares for Euro or $20,000 Total; $100,000

Biotechnology Companies:
AstraZeneca Active Motif Aventis Adventa Celera PE Incyte Invitrogen Pfizer Merck Smith Kline Beecham Novartis Monsanto Qiagen Roche Paradigm Genetics Chemicon International Trevigen Avigen Metabasis Therapeutics Pintex Pharmaceuticals BioGen Garst Pioneer DuPont Pharmacia Bristol-Myers Squibb Eli Lilly Cistem Molecular Corp. Operon Technologies

Biotechnology Companies:
DNX Transgenic Sciences Chemdex MWGAG BIOTECH Double Twist Larova Biochemie Greiner Labortechnik Sungene Molecular Devices Corp. Evotec BioSystems AG BIACORE TIB MOLBIOL PE Biosystems Bruker Daltonics Inc. Eppendorf Scientific Curagen Cargill Dow Agri Sciences Dow Chemical Co. AmGen Bayer Dynal Noxxon Pharma Schering Boehringer Rhein Biotech Hyseq Genome Therapeutics

O sweet spontaneous earth how often have the doting fingers of purient philosophers pinched and poked thee, has the naughty thumb of science prodded thy beauty how often have religions taken thee upon their scraggy knees squeezing and buffeting thee that thou mightest conceive gods (but true to the incomparable couch of death thy rhythmic lover thou answerest them only with spring) e.e. cummings

20. Of the following techniques, which would be most unlikely to be used in a biotechnology laboratory? (A) gel electrophoresis (B) PCR (C) DNA cloning (D) use of the Hubble telescope (E) antibiotic resistant bacteria

21. Many of the molecular reactions used in biotechnology occur in volumes less than a milliliter. A Pipetman is: (A) the new biomedical device made by tissue engineering and now used to treat the damaged blood vessels of heart attack victims (B) a radical group of bioengineered superheroes in the Hollywood movie GATTACCA (C) a molecular biology tool used in the lab to measure small volumes of liquid (D) a new type of bio-engineered crop plants that are drought tolerant (E) a new surgical tool used in to extract cancer cells

22. Gel Electrophoresis is used for:
(A) the separation of molecules, DNA, RNA and proteins by charge and size (B) separation of various cell types in blood samples (C) viewing cells at a high magnification (D) as a home pregnancy test (E) fusing cells during the process for cloning animals

23. Every time a cell divides it copies all of its DNA
23. Every time a cell divides it copies all of its DNA. A method used commonly in many applications of biotechnology today is called PCR. PCR: (A) is used to study life on other planets (B) stands for the PolyChromal Repercussions that occur in cell division (C) is a type of digital processing used in DNA sequencing (D) uses a heat stable DNA polymerase to copy DNA (E) is a dangerous prescription drug

24. Basic Forensic principles include:
(A) each of us is genetically unique (B) if enough genetic variation is tested, each of us can be uniquely identified (C) DNA is found in nearly all cells (blood, semen, hair, etc.) (D) DNA from an evidentiary sample can be matched with DNA from a suspect to implicate or exonerate (E) all of the above

25. Given DNA samples from three suspects, the victims DNA and DNA evidence from a crime scene the possible conclusions are: (A) suspect 1’s DNA was at the scene; or suspect 2’s DNA was at the scene; or suspect 3’s DNA was at the scene (B) none were at the scene (C) multiple suspects were at the scene (D) data are inconclusive (E) any of the above

26. A method used to copy small amounts of DNA many times over was invented by Dr. Kary Mullis in the 1980s and is called PCR. PCR stands for: (A) Protein Chromosomal Replication (B) Polymerase Chain Reaction (C) Pipetman California Reaction (D) Peptide Catalytic Reactors (E) Polysaccharide Catalyst Repair

27. STR stand for: (A) Separation of Trans Replicators
(A) Separation of Trans Replicators (B) Scientists for True Religion (C) Short Tandem Repeats (D) Standard Test for Recidivism (E) Seek To Reach assay

28. The development of Biotechnology is directly linked with Industry
28. The development of Biotechnology is directly linked with Industry. Which of the following is not true? (A) the application of the biological sciences has largely moved from academia to the private sector (B) the application of biotechnology is driven by profits and the promise of profits (C) the distinction between Basic and Applied Science is often blurred (D) Basic Science is nearly immediately applied in today’s biotech fields (E) Basic Science has not yet applied in any of today’s biotech fields

29. The development of Biotechnology is:
(A) driven by application (B) has been banned in Europe by governments in the EU (C) has disproven the Theory of Evolution (D) destroying medicine as we know it (E) finally leveling off

30. The process of creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs):
(A) has been applied to salmon (B) has been applied to crop plants (C) has not been commercialized for beef (D) has been not demonstrated in peer review journals to cause health issues (E) all of the answers shown are correct

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