1. Parts of Speech
Review

2. Noun: names a person, place, thing, or idea
Proper- names specific people, places, or things (first letter is always capitalized)
Common- names general groups, places, people, or things
Concrete- names things experienced through the senses
Abstract- names things not knowable through the senses
Collective- names groups

3. Nouns: examples Common Nouns Proper Nouns woman
Mary, Queen Isabella, Princess Kate
nation
United States, Italy, Switzerland
event
French Revolution, Boston Tea Party
language
English, Spanish, French
holiday
Fourth of July, Christmas, Easter
Concrete Nouns
water, gum, towel, shoe, Melissa, The Spanish Steps
Abstract Nouns
peace, honor, rebellion, dedication, determination, Manifest Destiny
Collective Nouns
jury, band, family, class, team

4. Pronoun: takes the place of a noun
Personal- refers to people or things
Relative- introduces certain noun clauses and adjective clauses
Interrogative- introduces a question
Demonstrative- points out the antecedent
Reflexive or Intensive- reflects back to the antecedent; intensifies the antecedent
Indefinite- refers to nonspecific persons or things

5. Pronouns: Examples (Personal Pronouns) Singular Plural First Person
I, me, my, mine
we, us, our, ours
Second Person
you, your, yours
you, your yours
Third Person
he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its
they, them, their, theirs
I told her that I would see him this afternoon.
(Reflexive/Intensive Pronouns)
Singular
Plural
First Person
myself
ourselves
Second Person
yourself
yourselves
Third Person
himself, herself, itself
themselves
Mary excused herself from the table. (reflexive)
William Shakespeare himself wrote the script. (intensive)

6. Demonstrative Pronouns
this that these those
These are the cupcakes I brought for Susan’s birthday.
Is this the book I need for class?
Interrogative Pronouns
who whom which what whose
What is the next step in getting my driver’s license?
Whose turn is it?
Relative Pronouns
that which who whom whose
The college that I went to is in college.
The girl who looks like my sister is my best friend.
Indefinite Pronouns
all another any anybody anyone anything both each either everybody everyone everything few many more most much neither nobody none no one nothing one other several some somebody someone something such
All of the vegetables were washed. (antecedent = vegetables)
Did everyone decide to go to the movie? (no antecedent)

7. Verb: expresses action, occurrence, or state of being
(Hint: If you’re unsure if a word in a sentence is a verb, try replacing it for a different tense of the word. If the sentence still makes sense, the word is a verb.)

8. Adjective: modifies a noun or pronoun; includes articles a, an, and the
Determiners- called limiting adjectives, tell whether a noun is a general or specific noun; Answers the questions: which one, how many, whose, etc.
The, a, an, those, that, this, these, any, few, each, other, some, what, which, whose, one, first, two, second, my, your, their…
What Kind?
red buttons, fragrant perfume, delicious meal, elegant gown
Which One?
this class, those papers, last chance, next step
How Many?
two cupcakes, several days, both parents, many voters
How Much?
some sugar, more money, enough effort, less butter

9. Adverb: modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb
Descriptive adverbs- show levels of intensity, usually by adding more (or less) and most (or least)
Relative adverbs- words such as where, why, and when. Used to introduce adjective clauses
Conjunctive adverbs- describe or limit by creating logical connections to give words meaning.
Also, furthermore, moreover, besides, however, still, nevertheless, conversely, nonetheless, instead, otherwise, similarly, likewise, therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, then, next, meanwhile, finally, indeed, certainly

10. Preposition: shows relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence
About, according to, after, along, among, above, across, against, along with, apart from, around, as, by, by means of, behind, below, beneath, beside, except, in addition to….
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and the words it modifies.

11. Conjunction: connects words, phrases, or clauses
Coordinating conjunction- connects two or more grammatically equal words, phrases, or clauses
Subordinating conjunction- two conjunctions that work as a pair
Both and…not only, but also…

12. Interjection: a word or expression that conveys surprise or a strong emotion
Hooray!

13. The Sentence
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.
A sentence must have two parts: the subject and the predicate.
The subject tells whom or what the sentence is about.
The predicate tells something about the subject.
Examples:
Jenny laughed.
Rain pelted the players.

14. Simple Subject
The simple subject is the main word or group of words that tells whom or what the sentence is about.
The view from the observatory on the top floor of the building is extraordinary.
Lasting for eight days, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the temple in Jerusalem in 165 B.C.

15. Simple Predicate
The simple predicate is a verb or verb phrase that tells something about the subject.
The freshmen won Spirit Week.
The victorious freshmen were completely surrounded by admirers. [The complete predicate is were completely surrounded by admirers.]

16. Compound Subject & Compound Verb
A compound subject consists of two or more subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verb.
East Germany and West Germany have been reunited.
A compound verb consists of two or more verbs that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject.
I read the book but missed the movie.

17. Linking Verbs
A linking verb is a verb that connects the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that describes or identifies the subject.
Common Linking Verbs
am, is, are, was, were, being, be, can be, may be, might be, must be, shall be, will be, could be, should be, would be, has been, have been, had been, shall have been, will have been, could have been, should have been, would have been
appear, become, feel grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

18. Compliments
A compliment is a word or word group that completes the meaning of a predicate.
Some sentences are complete with only a subject and a verb: (Example: She won.)
Other sentences require one or more compliments to complete their meaning.
They mailed
They mailed me the information.

19. Predicate nominative
A predicate nominative is a noun or a pronoun that follows a linking verb and refers to the same person or thing as the subject of a verb.
William Shakespeare is my favorite writer. [Writer refers to the subject, William Shakespeare.]

20. Predicate Adjective
A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of the verb.
Your ‘Merica Monday ensemble is festive. [The adjective festive modifies the subject ensemble.]

21. Direct Object: a noun or a pronoun that receives the action of the verb or shows the result of the action.
A direct object tells whom or what after an action verb.
Examples:
Sister Anne Catherine uses the Gospel to lead us in morning prayer.
I miss you.

22. Indirect Object: a noun or a pronoun that comes between an action verb and a direct object.
Indirect objects tell to whom or to what the action of the verb is done.
Examples:
The Swedish Academy awarded Octavio Paz the 1990 Nobel Prize in literature. [Awarded the prize to whom?]
Julie’s part-time work experience landed her a full-time position. [Landed the position for whom?]