2. The Texas Question

3. Manifest Destiny: Expansion The Texas Revolution Texas had been a state in the Republic of Mexico since 1822, following the Mexican Revolution against Spanish control. The U.S. had offered to buy the territory at this time, since it had renounced its claim to the area in the Adams-Onis agreement of 1819.

4. Manifest Destiny: Expansion The Texas Revolution The new Mexican government refused to sell, but invited immigration from the north by offering land grants to Stephen F. Austin and other Americans. They wanted to increase the population of the area and to produce revenue ($) for their new government. By 1835, approximately 35,000 “gringos” were homesteading on Texas land. War was on the horizon.

5. Texas War of Independence  Americans began moving into Texas in the 1820’s and brought their slaves with them.  War fought by Texans against Mexico because they believed their rights had been violated.  Won by Texans in 1836 and requests to enter the U.S.

6. Stephen F. Austin Texas Revolution Begins Stephen F. Austin & Texas General Antonio López de Santa Anna

7. The Alamo

8. The Mexican officials saw their power base eroding as foreigners flooded in, so they moved to tighten control through restrictions on immigration and through tax increases. The Texans responded in 1836 by proclaiming independence and establishing a new republic. The ensuing war was short- lived. The Mexican dictator, Antonia Lopez de Santa Anna advanced north and annihilated the Texan garrisons at the Alamo.

9. Colonel William B. Travis (Commander of the Alamo) : One of the first to fall, he died defending the north wall at an early hour on March 6. He was 26 years old. Texas Flag That Flew Over The Alamo Jim Bowie (Co-commander of the Alamo): Killed in his bed, where he laid sick with pneumonia, in a small room in the south side. He was 41 years old. Davy Crockett Answered Travis’s call for help in defending the Alamo along with other volunteers. His body was found in small fort in the west side. He was 50 years old. Bowie Knife General Antonio López de Santa Anna

10. Battle of the Alamo, Mexicans and Texans fight to the death

11. The Republic of Texas On April 23, 1836, Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto and the Mexicans were forced to let Texas go its way. Sam Houston immediately asked the U.S. government for recognition and annexation, but President Andrew Jackson feared the revival of the slavery issue, as the new state would come in on the slaveholding side of the political balance. He also feared war with Mexico and so did nothing.

12.  President Jackson and Van Buren refused to recognize Texas statehood because of slavery.  Texas became its own country with Sam Houston president, 1836 to 1845.  Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas. Texas War of Independence

13. #3 2 Manifest Destiny… the silent driving force of U.S. expansionism “to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” - John L. O’Sullivan - John L. O’Sullivan

14. Picture/M.Destiny

15. “Manifest Destiny”  First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845.  ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self- government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."  A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

16. Long Term Causes Manifest Destiny California Immediate Causes Texas statehood, 1845 Mexico refusing to sell California Border disputeEffects US receives Mexican Cession Disputes over expansion of slavery will lead to the Civil War

17. Mexican War

18. Results of the Mexican War?  The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease).  Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)  New territory brings the explosive issue of SLAVERY  The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease).  Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)  New territory brings the explosive issue of SLAVERY

19. Results of the Mexican War?  These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.  Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.  Manifest Destiny partially realized.  These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.  Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.  Manifest Destiny partially realized.

21. Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo, 1848  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Gives America the Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Gives America the Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California The Treaty was forced on Mexico.

22. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848  U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000

24. Map expansion

26. GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848 John A. Sutter

27. California Gold Rush, 1849 49er’s

28. Territorial Growth to 1853

29. Most intense debate in U.S. History John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun North should honor the Constitution and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law South wanted California threatened to secede from U.S. U.S. should have two Presidents---one from the North and one for the South Comp of 1850 Daniel Webster Daniel Webster Secession is impractical & impossible How would we split the land? The military? Compromise at all cost Preserve the Union Henry Clay Henry Clay The Great Compromiser, with John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and Stephen Douglas, propose this compromise.

30. U.S. Senator from the state of IllinoisU.S. Senator from the state of Illinois Solve the slavery issue was through Popular SovereigntySolve the slavery issue was through Popular Sovereignty let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not.let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not. Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun they proposed the Compromise of 1850Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun they proposed the Compromise of 1850 Calif. A free stateCalif. A free state enforce Fugitive Slave Law (No more liberty laws)enforce Fugitive Slave Law (No more liberty laws) Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty stop slave trade in Washington, D.C.stop slave trade in Washington, D.C.

31. Map Comp of 1850 Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty Allow the people in a territory to vote on whether they want slavery to exist or not in their state.

32. ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND  Denounced by Abolitionists  Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published  Abolitionists refuse to enforce the law  Underground Railroad becomes more active

33. RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS Ralph Waldo Emerson “An immoral law makes it a man’s duty to break it, at every hazard. For virtue is the very self of every man. It is therefore a principle of law that an immoral contract is void, and that an immoral statute is void. The Fugitive Slave Law is a statute which enacts the crime of kidnapping, a crime on one footing with arson and murder. A man’s right to liberty is as inalienable as his right to life……” Ralph Waldo Emerson Fugitive Slave Law

34. RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS William Lloyd Garrison “3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent blood….and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world!” William Lloyd Garrison

35. SOUTHERNERS RESPOND  Southerners threatened secession and war  Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property  Federal law is over State law.  5 th Amendment  Supremacy Clause

36. Gadsden Purchase1854.

37. The Gadsden Purchase was intended to allow for the construction of a southern route for a transcontinental railroad. U.S. Minister to Mexico James Gadsden and Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna agreed on the price of $10 million for the Gadsden land,

38. Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or North Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or North Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise. Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise. Proposed a plan that Kansas and Nebraska territories be opened up to slavery in return for building the railroad in the North. Proposed a plan that Kansas and Nebraska territories be opened up to slavery in return for building the railroad in the North. Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty Kan. & Neb Act

39. Map Bleeding Kan Attacks by free-states Attacks by pro-slavery states (Led by John Brown) Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of violence between pro- slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers. Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of violence between pro- slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers. First violent outbreaks between north/south. First violent outbreaks between north/south. First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in 1856. First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in 1856. Over 200 killed Over 200 killed

40. After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The territory was torn by battles and massacres. The issue also bitterly divided the nation and led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas.

42. Violent abolitionist Involved in the Bleeding Kansas Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South. Picture/J.Brown

43. Attacked a U.S. Ammunition depot in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in Oct. of 1859 to capture weapons and begin his slave revolt. Picture/J.Brown

44. Unsuccessful and captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee Put on trial for treason. Picture/J.Brown

45. He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. “I believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the shedding of blood.”His last words were to this effect: “I believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the shedding of blood.” Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause. Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with this, there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to end slavery. South’s outcome: To leave the U.S. and start their own country. Picture/J.Brown Hanging

47. Reading/Tubman on Brown

48. Reading/Lincoln on Brown

49. Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states. His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave. He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time. Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue Can a slave sue for his freedom? Is a slave property? Is slavery legal?

50. Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property. They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution. Supreme Court inadvertently legalizes slavery Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional

51. Reading/Scott decision “They had (slaves) for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race.” Chief Justice Roger B.Taney (1777 to 1864) in the case of Dred Scott referred to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted.

52. Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott decision North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law Free states pass personal liberty laws. Republicans claim the decision is not binding Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union.

53. Lincoln and Douglas both running for the U.S. Senate in Illinois. The debates were followed by the country because both candidates were interested in running for the Presidency in 1860. Slavery was the issue Lincoln stated:Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot stand. Either we become one or the other. was against the expansion of slavery Douglas believed that slavery should be decided by the people. Popular sovereignty Chart/L&D Debates

54. Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Popular Sovereignty could work against the expansion of slavery….. Southerners would not support Douglas for the presidency in 1860 Picture/ L&D Debates

55. Election of 1860  Country is polarized (divided) over the issue of slavery.  Once Lincoln is elected as president, South Carolina will secede from the U.S. along with several other Southern States.  They will form the Confederate States of America---CSA 303 total electoral votes and 152 to win.

57. Secession