1. Temporal Reasoning Intro to TimeML cs112 October, 2004

2. TimeML: what it is Standard language for the mark-up of: –temporal expressions –events –temporal anchoring of events (relations between events and temporal expressions) –temporal ordering of events (relations between events and other events)

3. TimeML: goals Long term aim: provide the basic background for: –Temporal inference –QAS to be able to answer questions like: Is Gates currently CEO of Microsoft? Were there any meetings between the hijackers and Iraq before the WTC event? –… Creation of a gold standard corpus with temporal expressions, events and basic temporal relations marked up.

4. An example “Two Russians and a Frenchman left the Mir and endured a rough landing on the snow- covered plains of Central Asia on Thursday. The two Russians arrived on the Mir last August. Solovyou celebrated his 50th birthday during his six-month space voyage.”

5. An example “Two Russians and a Frenchman left the Mir and endured a rough landing on the snow- covered plains of Central Asia on Thursday. The two Russians arrived on the Mir last August. Solovyou celebrated his 50th birthday during his six-month space voyage.”

6. What to annotate Time Expressions (timex) Events Signals Links We’ll mark them up with a set of attributes.

7. What to annotate: TIMEX3

8. Durations: –4 hours, the whole week, half a year, … Calendar dates: (=points in time equal or bigger than a day) –Precise dates: March 16, 2003; two years ago today; yesterday; –Vague dates: few days ago; ending of March; –Week references: the 2nd week of January; several weeks later; –Yearly quarters and halves: the 4th quarter; beginning last semester; –Seasons: last Summer; Fall 1998; –Year references: the 60s, 1920 –Decades, centuries and millenia: the last decade Times of Day: (=points in time smaller than a day) –Precise times: 7:30am; Tuesday, March 25 at 12:00pm; … –Vague times: several minutes before –Parts of day: Saturday afternoon, yesterday early in the morning Sets (reoccurring time expressions): –Two times a week, every day, …

9. Attributes for the tag TIMEX3 1.Timex ID (automatically assigned) 2.Type: –DATE, for expressions describing a calendar date: the second of December, yesterday, the summer of 1971, Tuesday,... –TIME, for expressions describing a times of day: five minuts past eight; 7:30am; 9:00 am Friday, October 1, 1755; –DURATION: 2 months, 48 hours, all last night, three weeks. –SET 3.Value: ISO value for the time expression. Feb 27, 1998 08:14“1998-02-27T08:14:00” twelve weeks“P12W”

10. Attributes for the tag TIMEX3 (2) 4.Mod:

11. 5.temporalFunction: binary attribute F:the timex provides all the info: Twelve o’clock January 3, 1969 Summer of 1964 T:the timex doesn’t contain all the info needed to locate it at a specific point of time (therefore, a temporal function needs to be applied): eleven in the morning yesterday next year 6.anchorTimeID: –Use only when ‘temporalFunction’ attribute is set to TRUE –Refers to the temporal anchor for the “incomplete” timex. Attributes for the tag TIMEX3 (3)

12. 7.functionInDocument: –CREATION TIME –MODIFICATION TIME –PUBLICATION TIME –RELEASE TIME –RECEPTION TIME –NONE At most, once per document Generally ‘CREATION TIME’ Attributes for the tag TIMEX3 (4)

13. Example of annotated TIMEXs Mary left on Thursday and John arrived the day after. Mary left on Thursday and John arrived the day after

14. TERQAS Workshop will resume Monday, July 15. The session will start at 9:00 a.m. TERQAS Workshop will resume <TIMEX3 tid="t1" type="DATE" value="2002-07-15” temporalFunction="true" anchorTimeID="t0"> Monday, July 15. The session will start at 9:00 a.m. Example of annotated TIMEXs

15. What to annotate: EVENTs

16. Tensed Verbs: A fresh flow of lava, gas and debris erupted there Saturday. Untensed verbs: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called the prime minister of the Netherlands to thank him for thousands of gas masks his country has already contributed. Nominalizations: Israel will ask the US to delay a military strike against Iraq until the Jewish state is fully prepared for a possible Iraqi attack. Adjectives: A Philippine volcano, dormant for six centuries, began exploding with searing gases, thick ash and deadly debris. Prepositional phrases: All 75 people on board the Aeroflot Airbus died. Predicative Clauses: "There is no reason why we would not be prepared," Mordechai told the Yediot Ahronot daily.

17. Attributes for the tag EVENT 1.Event ID: (automatically assigned) 2.Class: –REPORTING: say, report, announce, … –PERCEPTION: see, hear, watch, feel. –ASPECTUAL: begin, start, finish, stop, continue. –I_ACTION: attempt, try, promise, offer, regret,… –I_STATE: believe, want, wish,… –STATE: be on board, kidnapped, recovering, love,.. –OCCURRENCE: die, crash, build, merge, sell, take advantage of,..

18. Example of annotated EVENTs Israel may ask the United States to delay a military strike against Iraq until the Jewish state is fully prepared for a possible Iraqi attack. Israel may ask the United States not to delay a military strike against Iraq until the Jewish state is fully prepared for a possible Iraqi attack

19. What to annotate: MAKEINSTANCEs

20. Attributes for MAKEINSTANCE 1.Event Instance ID: (automatically assigned) 2.Event ID: (automatically assigned) 3.Tense: (only pertinent for verbs) –PAST: John decided/had decided not to go. –PRESENT: John decides/has decided not to go. –FUTURE: John will decide/will have decided not to go. –NONE: John decided not to go / John’s decision... 4.Aspect: (only pertinent for verbs) –PROGRESSIVE: [BE + -ing] John is/was/will be eating –PERFECTIVE: [HAVE + Ppart] John has/had/will have eaten –PERFECTIVE_PROGRESSIVE: John has/had been eating –NONE: John eats/ate/will eat

21. 5.nf_morph: –NOUN: John’s decision was not to go. –ADJECTIVE: Sue was ashamed of John’s decision. –INFINITIVE: John decided not to go. –PRESPART: While playing, John broke his leg. –PASTPART: Steel plates found at the scene are being analyzed by experts. 6.Polarity: –POS:no negation presentJohn went. –NEG: negation presentJohn did not go. 7.Modality Modal Auxiliars like: could, can, might, may, must, should,… 8.Signal_ID --see the guidelines 9.Cardinality --see the guidelines Attributes for MAKEINSTANCE

22. Example of annotated MIs Israel may ask the United States to delay a military strike against Iraq… Israel may ask the United States to delay a military strike

23. What to annotate: SIGNALs

24. Temporal prepositions: on, in, at, from, to, before, after, during, etc. Temporal conjunctions: before, after, while, when, etc. Temporal modifiers: (only when modifying events) twice, every, three times, etc. Special characters: - and /, in temporal expressions denoting ranges (September, 4-6, Apr. 1999/Jul. 1999, etc.).

25. Attributes for the tag SIGNAL 1.Signal ID: automatically assigned (they are very boring!)

26. Example of annotated SIGNALs Temporal Prepositions, Conjunctions and Modifiers: John taught on Monday All passengers died when the plane crashed into the mountain.

27. What to annotate: LINKs

28. Temporal: TLINK It represents the temporal relationship holding between events or between an event and a timex: Mary arrived in Boston last Thursday. Aspectual: ALINK It represent the relationship between an aspectual event and its argument event. She finished assembling the table. Subordination: SLINK It is used for contexts introducing relations between an I- ACTION/I-STATE event and its event argument, or an event and a negation or modal : She tried to buy some wine.

29. relType: the attribute for TLINK Simultaneous: (only for pairs of events) Mary was watching TV while John was frying the eggs. Before/After: Mary had decided not to help him. (wrt ‘watching’ or ‘frying’ in the previous sentence). Immediately before/Immediately after: One of the eggs crashed as soon as it touched the pan. Including/Being included: Mary arrived in Boston last Thursday. During: (states or events that persist through a duration) John fried eggs for 20 minutes on Monday. Beginning/Begun by: John fried eggs from 6:00pm to 6:20pm. Ending/Ended by: John fried eggs from 6:00pm to 6:20pm. Identity: (only for pairs of events) Mary was resting for a while. After her rest, she took a bath.

30. relType: the attribute for SLINK Modal, introduced mainly by: –I_States : Mary wanted John to buy some wine. –I_Actions:John tried to get ticket for the final. Factive, for I-events introducing some presupposition: John forgot he was in Boston last year. Counter-factive, for I-events introducing a presupposition about the non-veracity of its argument: –forget (to), prevent, cancel, avoid, decline, etc. Evidential, mainly introduced by Reporting and Perception events: –say, report, see, hear,.. Negative Evidential, introduced by Reporting events that convey negative polarity: John denied he bought only beer.

31. relType: the attribute for ALINK Initiation: John started to read. Culmination: John finished assembling the table. Termination: John stopped talking. Continuation: John kept talking.

32. Final remark Please, read the Annotation Guidelines!