1. Songhai – wealth from Gold-Salt Trade Taj Mahal Islamic influence Trade silk, spices, gems, & textiles in European trading posts Emperor controlled by shogun – military leader Isolated from outside influence Expands Capital renamed Istanbul United by Islam Coffee, ceramics, numeral system Aztecs Inca England France – both modern & wealthy Russia – poor, mostly farmers Emperor controls trade with enclaves Goods: Paper, silk, compass Trans-Sahara Trade Silk Road

2. Rebirth of classical knowledge Begins in Italian city-states Spreads to Northern Europe Humanism – focus on human values and accomplishments, learning Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance man Sistine Chapel By Michelangelo – realist painter & sculptor Shakespeare English playwright, poet of Northern Renaissance Machiavelli – The Prince

3. Italians dominate Corruption and sale of indulgences Huge wealth & influence of merchants Martin Luther Salvation by faith alone All humans equal before God Posts 95 Theses (problems) on church door Begins Protestant movement

4. Henry VIII of England – Pope in Rome English church property as his Elizabeth I Anglican Church Dissenters Spanish Armada Colonies John Calvin Predestination What will happen to you Protestant movement

5. Princes remains Catholic 30 Years War Edict of Nantes Calvinists in France Makes 30 Years War political John Wycliffe Jan Huss Council of Trent Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Inquisition individualism secularism Religious toleration Printing press Higher literacy, spreads new ideas

6. Vasco da Gama Portugal Sails around Africa to create trade route to India ColumbusSpain Reaches the New World, decimates indigenous Americans MagellanSpain His crew 1 st to sail around the world, he dies in Philippines Hernan CortesSpain Conquistador, conquered the Aztecs in Central Mexico Francisco PizarroSpain Conquistador, conquered the Inca in Peru Francis DrakeEngland Privateer, sailed around the world, defeated Spanish Armada Jacques CartierFrance Reached Canada and claimed it for France

7. Western Hemisphere – Native Americans Corn, potatoes, tobacco Europeans Horses, cattle, diseases that kill many Indians lifestyles completely leads to slavery Plantation economy and environment Europe Prince Henry of Portugal pioneers exploration Demand for gold Competition for colonies Africa European trading ports Slaves & gold exported Christianity spreads America Rigid class system Colonies imitate mother country Christianity Sugar & rum Manufactured goods Slaves Economic practice, colonies benefit mother country banking system & money for markets

8. Centralize Power – take all of it for themselves Rule by Divine Right – God’s will Louis XIV France Builds palace of Versailles Spends to expand royal power Peter the Great Russia Westernizes Russia Builds St. Petersburg Takes nobles power Ignores Parliament, raises taxes Puritan military leader

9. Ignores Parliament, raises taxes Puritan military leader Cromwell dies and Charles II restores the monarchy to England Fights with Parliament Factions modern political parties Peaceful, bloodless revolution William Mary share power equally with Parliament Grants rights and freedoms to Englishmen Royal power Eventual democracy & America’s gov

10. Applies reason to human & natural world, stimulates religious tolerance and new government Leviathan Humans exist in nature Government protects us John Locke Government must protect our life, liberty, & property Montesquieu Social Contract The Spirit of Laws Government is a contract between people and ruler

11. Voltaire Miguel Cervantes Thomas Jefferson Eugene Delacroix Mozart Religious toleration, separation of church & state Declaration of Independence Baroque composer Concertos, fugues Symphonies, operas Romantic painter Don Quixote

12. Isaac Newton Discovered laws of gravity Copernicus – developed heliocentric theory Kepler – Discovered planetary motion Galileo Used telescope to support heliocentric theory William Harvey Discovered blood circulation Reason and observation lead to scientific method

14. Mexico City  Havana 

15.  Sao Paulo Lima  Buenos Aires 

20. Directly ruled by foreign power (America – 13 colonies) Country protected by another 1 (Hawaii) Region where 1 country gets trading rights (China) Nationalism – competition for power & wealth Industrial Revolution – demand for natural resources and markets European conflicts brought to colonies Dutch & British set up trading ports in India Christian missionaries convert natives to Christianity Built in Egypt to cut travel time to India, England controls it Held in 1884, European Powers divide up Africa for themselves Matthew Perry 1854 America East India Company

21. Built in Egypt to cut travel time to India, England controls it Held in 1884, European Powers divide up Africa for themselves Matthew Perry 1854 America East India Company Spheres of Influence Great Britain Indian National Congress & pushes for independence Foreigners Boxer Boxers – attack US merchants

22. ilitarism lliances mperialism ationalism Europe divided into competing groups Central – Germany Allies – England, France, Russia Competition for colonies, resources, and markets Balkan Peninsula – powder keg of ethnic tension Many diplomatic failures Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria starts the war Russian Revolution forces Russia to leave the war & sign treaty Zimmerman Note makes America join on Allied side Armistice signed & Treaty of Versailles ends the war

23. Woodrow Wilson America’s president Wanted to stay out of WWI Created 14 Points plan for peace Kaiser Wilhelm II Germany’s leader Loses empire after the war to the Allies Forces Germany to accept guilt for war Puts limit on Germany’s military Independence for helping Europeans fight in WWI Alliance future wars America weakness League of Nations Ottoman Empire & Middle east England France

24. Japan Landless peasants Tsar Nicholas WWI Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Communist Soviet Union New Economic Policy Stalin 5 Year Plans Secret police farms Great Purge

25. German reparations High protective tariffs Americans using credit 1929 Stock Market Crash unemployment banks prices inflation political

26. Adolf Hitler Anti-semitism National Socialism – Nazi Party Invades & Occupies neighboring countries Joseph Stalin Leads Soviet Union Communist Signs non- aggression pact with Hitler not to fight Benito Mussolini Leads Fascist Party Wants to return Italy to glory of Rome Invades Ethiopia in show of force Hideki Tojo & Hirohito Militarism Industrializes Japan Invade Korea, Manchuria, China for raw materials

27. Hideki Tojo & Hirohito Militarism Industrializes Japan Invade Korea, Manchuria, China for raw materials Giving in to avoid war at the Munich Conference Poland France Nazis Britain air England over Nazis Germany Soviet Union non-aggression pact Japan America D-Day Hiroshima & Nagasaki America’s president at the start of WWII President when FDR dies, orders a-bomb dropped England’s prime minister who stands up to Nazis Supreme Allied commander of all allied forces US general in charge of the battle in Asia/Pacific

28. 1930s-1940s Jews, non- Aryans, disabled Adolf Hitler’s Final Solution

29. Universal Declaration of Human Rights – UN statement of basic rights all humans deserve Japan now a powerful, wealthy ally US occupies under Gen. MacArthur Superpowers the Soviet Union

32. Israeli Prime Minister led Israel in Yom Kippur War Egypt’s president, nationalized Suez Canal, built Aswan Dam & allied with Soviets led violent struggle against English rule in Kenya First black president of South Africa, fought against apartheid

33. Group led by Gandhi that fought for independence prohibited discrimination (caste system) England divided India by religion with Muslims in Pakistan today the world’s largest democracy federal system gives most power to states in India has eased financial problems After WWI used to control territories in Mideast Mandate power in Syria & Lebanon Mandate power in Jordan & Palestine Created after WWII out of Palestine Differences create conflicts in Palestine, Israel, etc Gives power of self- determination to African colonies imperial rule by Europeans & economic exploitation Fights for independence from France peaceful transitions to independence violent fight for independence long struggle against apartheid (Segregation)

34. 1.High Literacy rate 2.Low fertility rate (babies per mother) 3.Slow or no population growth 4.Freemarket economies 5.Large middle class 6.Political freedom 1.High Birth rates = rapid growth 2.Low literacy rates 3.Little access to health care 4.Poverty 5.Poor health Ethnic & religious conflict Climate change illiteracy Pollution rapid growth Terrorism

35. Refugees countries Guest workerstemporary Global peace keeping organization lends money to developing nations at a cost free trade agreement between US, Canada, & Mexico Global organization promoting free trade - common currency and easier borders in Europe Munich Olympics 9/11 attacks Car bombings Suicide bombers Airline hijackers Surveillance Review of privacy rights Security at ports and airports Identification badges and photos

36. India & South Asia Billion Vedas China, India, Asia Millions 4 Noble Truths Israel, America Millions Torah – written record of Hebrew beliefs Middle East & Africa Billions Koran (Qur’an) North & South America, Europe Billions New Testament

37. India & Pakistan Karma – knowledge that all thoughts & actions have consequences Reincarnation – rebirth based on karma China & freedom of religion Enlightenment – spiritual happiness 8 Fold Path – steps you take to reach Enlightenment Arab – Israeli conflict – Yom Kippur War over Israel 10 Commandments Guide moral & religious conduct Arab-Israeli conflict – Middle East 5 Pillars – basic acts of faith for all Muslims Mecca & Medina – holy sites Muslims should pilgrimage to Catholics & Protestants in N. Ireland Jesus as son of God Councils agree on Church doctrine