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Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services

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1 Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services
Chapter 1 History of the Fire Service Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd James D. Richardson Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

2 Objectives Describe the evolution of firefighting in the United States and other countries. Explain the history of early firefighting organizations. Describe early fire vehicles. Describe early personal protective equipment. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

3 Objectives Understand fire service traditions.
Describe the origins of fire facilities. Explain the U.S. fire dilemma and its causes. Discuss the changing role of the modern firefighter. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

4 The Evolution of Firefighting Services
1st century BC, city of Rome was subject to conflagrations Roman fire brigades were originally slaves Approximately 6 AD, Emperor Augustus organized freedmen called “vigiles” to patrol the streets Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

5 The Evolution of Firefighting Services
In 64 AD, fire destroyed two-thirds of the city of Rome After the fire, Emperor Nero instituted building construction standards to help prevent another fire from destroying the city Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

6 The Evolution of Firefighting Services
11th century, William the Conqueror of England instituted first fire prevention activities Signal at 8 PM each night required homes to extinguish all candles and cover cooking fires This was called couvre feu, which became the English word curfew Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

7 The Evolution of Firefighting Services
The Great Fire of London (1666) City burned for 4 days and consumed 430 acres, 13,000 homes, and 89 churches City rebuilt with wider streets and brick replaced wood and pitch for buildings Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

8 The Evolution of Firefighting Services
After the Great Fire of London: First insurance company formed In addition to insuring property, this and later companies assumed responsibility for actual firefighting Firemarks placed on buildings to identify which properties were protected Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

9 The Evolution of Firefighting Services
In the United States: Houses required to have a bucket on front step for bucket brigades 1648, volunteer fire wardens established in New Amsterdam (New York City) 1679, Boston established first paid firefighters Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

10 The Evolution of Firefighting Services
In the United States: 1736, Benjamin Franklin established first volunteer fire company in Philadelphia History of the wooden fireplugs Hand pumpers Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

11 Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
Firefighting technology dates back to 2nd century BC Greek engineer invented basic hand pump which operated on the principle of a siphon and could propel a jet of water toward a fire Not until the 17th century were hand-operated pumps placed on wagons Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

12 Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
1672, Dutch inventor Jan van der Heiden developed first fire hose 1679, Boston imported first fire engine to America 1743, first American-built fire pump produced by Thomas Lote of New York Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

13 Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
1829, steam-powered fire pump constructed in London by John Braithwaite 1841, group of insurance companies contracted for the construction of a self-propelled fire steam engine similar to a train engine Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

14 Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
1907, American-built internal combustion fire engines appeared Early versions were either pumping engines or tractors to pull the fire equipment Early 19th century saw the addition of horse-drawn fire wagons Horse-drawn era lasted about 100 years Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

15 Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
1853, first US steam-powered fire engine constructed in Cincinnati 1910, those two functions were combined to both move the apparatus and pump water 1923, Chicago Fire Department became first completely motorized fire department in the U.S. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

16 Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
In addition to fighting fires, today’s firefighting vehicles provide services for highly specialized functions Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

17 Personal Protective Equipment and Fire Facilities
Victorian firefighters used their beards to protect from smoke inhalation by dipping the beard in water and holding it in their teeth 1825, first protective mask, the French apparatus Aldini, tested in fire conditions 1870s, fire departments use “Neally’s Smoke Excluding Mask” Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

18 Personal Protective Equipment and Fire Facilities
Early 20th century, first self-contained breathing apparatus known as the Gibbs came into use 1945, the air pac allowed for breathing fresh air in smoke-filled environment Today, AirPac steel cylinder replaced by light-weight composite air bottles Pressure regulators provide positive pressure Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

19 Personal Protective Equipment and Fire Facilities
Early volunteer-era equipment was stored in a shed With advent of the professional full-time firefighter, firehouses were needed for sleeping quarters and equipment storage Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

20 Fire Service Insignias and Traditions
Red fire engines Badges Maltese Cross Dalmatian fire dog Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

21 The Modern U.S. Fire Dilemma
Fire statistics show the U.S. lagging other nations in fire security Examples: In 2001, direct property loss due to fire estimated at $11 billion ($44 billion if WTC loss included) In 2004, direct property loss due to fire estimated at $9.8 billion Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

22 The Modern U.S. Fire Dilemma
1973 U.S. Fire Administration report shows Americans have casual attitude about fire danger The 2001 terrorist attacks and resulting Patriot Act and establishment of Homeland Security, have had impact on national fire policy and its implementation

23 The Scope of Fire and Emergency Services Today
Firefighters today are no longer single-role providers In many cases dual- and triple-roles required of emergency workers today EMT and NREMT certification a minimum standard in many states/municipalities Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

24 The Scope of Fire and Emergency Services Today
2003 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 mandated a national (NIMS) system for all government and private emergency workers Modern fire and emergency services embrace standards established during annual FESHE Conference Majority of emergency calls are medical in nature rather than fire-related Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

25 Summary Fire service requires emergency workers be able to respond to all hazards Future trends will emphasize fire prevention and education Fire service is becoming more diverse Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

26 Questions ?

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