1. IDENTIFICATION

2. Medico legal importance of AGE
Criminal responsibility
Judicial punishment
Kidnapping
Rape
Marriage
Attainment of majority
Employment
Impotence & sterility
Criminal abortion
Infanticide

3. Judicial punishment Juvenile offender- BELOW 18 yrs Juvenile court
Rehabilitation school

4. Criminal responsibility
Sec 82 IPC- child < 7 yrs, no criminal responsibility
Sec 83 IPC- child 7-12 yrs, liable for punishment
Indian Railways Act- child < 5 yrs not liable for punishment

5. Consent
Sec 89 IPC- child < 12 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which may occur from an act done in good faith & for his/ her benefit.
Sec 87 IPC- child < 18 yrs cannot give valid consent( implied or expressed) to suffer any harm which may result from an act not intended or not known to cause death or grievous hurt. E.g. wrestling contest

6. Kidnapping
Sec IPC- offence of kidnapping- girl less than 18, boy less than 16 yrs
Sec 369 IPC- child less than 10 yrs
Sec 366(A), 372, 373 IPC- less than 18 yr girl for Prostitution
Sec 366(B)importing less than 21 yr girl for Prostitution

7. Rape
Sec 375 IPC – girl below 16 yrs
Wife below 15 yrs

8. Marriage
Child Marriage Act
Girl above 18 & boy above 21

9. Attainment of majority
18 yrs
Adult franchise
Driving license
When guardian appointed by Court, person attains majority at age 21

10. Employment Child labour - below 15 yrs Adolescent labour- 15- 18 yrs
Adult labour- more than 18 yrs
Indian Factory Act- child below 14 cannot be employed in hazardous jobs
AMENDMENT: any child below the age of 14yrs cannot work

11. Infanticide Killing of an infant (child below 1 yr) CRIMINAL ABORTION
Viability- after 7 months
Gestational age of foetus important in case of criminal abortion in view of enhanced punishment

12. Evidence in Court 118 of IEA - No minimum age Sterility & Impotence
A boy is sterile before puberty , may not be impotent before puberty
A girl is sterile before puberty & after menopause

13. Tattoo Marks

14. Tattoo marks are designs made by multiple
small puncture wounds made through the
skin with needles or similar penetrating tools
dipped in colouring agents ( dye )
Derived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to mark

15. Commonly used dyes: indigo, cobalt, finely divided carbon, china ink, cinnabar, vermillion, prussian blue , etc.
Optimum depth of penetration: superficial layers of dermis.
Permanency of tattoo marks: depends on type of dye used, its depth of penetration & part of body tattooed.

16. Natural disappearance of tattoo marks:
Latent tattoo marks:
Visible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by examining with magnifying glass in strong light
Natural disappearance of tattoo marks:
Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10 years.
Black pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanent
Artificial removal of tattoo marks:
Surgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applying
Carbon dioxide snow; derm abrasion; laser; caustic substances

17. Forensic importance of tattoo marks
Identity:
Race, religion, nationality, occupation, name of person or his beloved ones, date of birth / marriage, etc.
Mental make up / desire: obscene figures
Drug addicts (concealing site)
Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of thumb)

18. SCARS

19. SCARS Acquired defect Marker of identity Result of repair mechanism
Covered by epithelium
Devoid of pigmentation, sweat glands & hair follicles
Gives info about nature of injury & causative agent

20. Photo & Video Superimposition

21. Photo superimposition
Photographs of the skull are taken.
Transparencies of skull photograph & that of life-time photograph are focused on the same sensitive printing paper.
After maximum alignment, a positive print will be taken.
Attempt is made to study the matching / non-matching of major anatomical landmarks.

22. Video superimposition
2 video images (one of photograph & other of skull) are mixed on one video display unit.
Negative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photograph
Positive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photograph

23. Facial reconstruction using clay

24. These methods use modeling clay or plasticine to build up the depth of tissue on the skull to that of a living individual.
Shape of the eyes, nose and mouth cannot be confidently predicted and are largely guesswork.

25. Tissue depth markers

26. Anatomical structures, which define the outer surface of the face are pasted onto the skull
Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles, orbicularis
oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of chin.

27. Adding clay using the tissue depth marker guidelines

28. Finishing touches are applied and tissue depth markers are covered

29. Painting, replacing polyfiber scalp hair & eyebrows

30. 1. Which of the following is NOT a criterion used in Gustafson's method of assessing age from teeth
a) Attrition
b) Paradentosis
c) Secondary dentine
d) Primary dentine

31. 2. According to Section 89 IPC, a child cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which can occur from an act done in good faith, if he/she is below
a) 10 years
b) 14 years
c) 12 years
d) 16 years

32. 3. According to Haase’s rule, the intra-uterine age of a foetus (up to a crown-heel length of 25cm) can be determined by
a) Calculating the square root of the crown- heel length.
b) Dividing the crown-heel length by 5.
c) Multiplying the crown-heel length by 5.
d) Doubling the crown-heel length.

33. 4. Beyond a crown-heel length of 25cms, the age of foetus can be determined by
a) Age = length/ 2
b) Age = (length)2
c) Age = length/ 5
d) Age = length x 5

34. 5. The minimum age for criminal responsibility according to the Indian Railways Act is
a) More than 5 years
b) More than 7 years
c) More than 12 years
d) More than 14 years

35. 6. A girl is sent to reformatory school on being convicted of a criminal offence, if her age is less than
a) 15 years
b) 16 years
c) 17 years
d) 18 years

36. All the following are important medicolegal points with reference to the age of 18 years EXCEPT
a) Minimum age to enter government services
b) Attainment of majority (both sexes)
c) Minimum age of marriage (females)
d) Minimum age for consenting to sexual act

37. 8. The study of incremental lines in the enamel of tooth to assess the age of a person is known as
a) Haase’s rule
b) Morissons’s Method
c) Boyde’s Method
d) McNaughten Rule

38. 9. When a boy of 5 years kills an infant he can be awarded
a) Death Sentence
b) Life Imprisonment
c) Solitary confinement
d) None of them.

39. 10. To become a competent witness, a person should attain the age of :
a) 12 years
b) 10 years
c) 8 years
d) 6 years
e) None of them

40. THANK YOU