1. . S E V E N C H A P T E R Work-Related Stress and Stress Management 7

2. 2 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Stress Among Canadian Nurses Amanda Coffin (shown) in Charlottetown and other nurses across Canada are experiencing high stress levels due to budget cuts and staff shortages. Charlottetown Guardian

3. 3 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition What is Stress? An adaptive response to a situation that is perceived as challenging or threatening to the person’s well-being Charlottetown Guardian

4. 4 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Stage 1 Alarm Reaction Stage 2 Resistance Stage 3 Exhaustion Normal Level of Resistance General Adaptation Syndrome

5. 5 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Stress WorkStressorsInterpersonalRole-related Task control Organizational/PhysicalEnvironment Stressors and Stress Outcomes NonworkStressors Individual DifferencesConsequences of Stress PhysiologicalBehaviouralPsychological

6. 6 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Interpersonal Stressor: Sexual Harassment Unwelcome conduct -- detrimental effect on work environment or job performance Quid pro quo –employment or job performance is conditional on unwanted sexual relations Hostile work environment –an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment

7. 7 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Interpersonal Stressor: Workplace Violence Higher incidence of workplace violence in Canada than in the U.S Severe distress after experiencing or observing violence Also stress from working in high-risk jobs

8. 8 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Interpersonal Stressor: Workplace Bullying Behaviour that degrades, ridicules or insults Victims experience stress and stress consequences Victims also experience increased absenteeism, impaired decision-making and work performance

9. 9 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Role-Related Stressors Role conflict –interrole conflict –intrarole conflict –person-role conflict Role ambiguity –uncertain task and social expectations Work overload –Increased hours and intensity © Photodisc. With permission.

10. 10 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Task Control Stressors Stress increases when employees lack control: How and when tasks are performed Pace of work activity

11. 11 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Stressors in BC Logging Industry Ken Wiley (shown) and other logging workers in British Columbia have faced the physical environment stressors of dangerous work for many years. Now, they also face the organizational stressors of change and job insecurity. VancouverSun

12. 12 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Additional Work Stressors Organizational –Due to reducing job security and re-structuring Physical Environment –Due to excessive noise, poor lighting and hazards VancouverSun

13. 13 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Work-Nonwork Stressors Time-based conflict –due to business travel, inflexible and/or rotating work schedules –for women -- still do most household chores Strain-based conflict – work stress affects home, and vice versa Role behaviour conflict –incompatible work and family roles

14. 14 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition AccountantArtist Auto Mechanic Forester Low-Stress Occupations High-Stress Occupations Hospital manager Physician (GP) Psychologist School principal Police officer Tel. operator Prime Minister Waiter/waitress Stress and Occupations Medium-Stress Occupations

15. 15 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition © Photodisc. With permission. Individual Differences in Stress Perceive the situation differently Different threshold levels of resistance to stressor Use different stress coping strategies

16. 16 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Type A/B and Workaholism Type A/Type B behaviour patterns –Type A are hard-driving, competitive, more prone to stress Workaholism –Stereotypic workaholics –Enthusiastic workaholics –Work enthusiasts

17. 17 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Consequences of Stress Behavioural Psychological Work performance, accidents, absenteeism, aggression, poor decisions Dissatisfaction, moodiness, depression, emotional fatigue Physiological Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, headaches

18. 18 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Job Burnout Process Cynicism Reduced Efficacy Physiological,psychological, and behavioural consequences EmotionalExhaustion Interpersonal and Role-Related Stressors

19. 19 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Family-Friendly and Work-Life Initiatives Flexible work time Job sharing Telecommuting Personal leave Childcare facilities © B. Gauthier, VancouverSun

20. 20 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McShane 5th Canadian Edition Other Stress Management Practices Withdrawing from the stressor –person-job matching –work breaks, days off, vacations, sabbaticals Changing stress perceptions –self-efficacy, self-leadership Controlling stress consequences –relaxation and meditation –fitness and wellness programs Social support –emotional and informational

21. . S E V E N C H A P T E R Work-Related Stress and Stress Management 7