MWH - Day 1 - EU - MWH is a course to help you understand why the world and its people today are as they are. Fill out notecard with name, email address,

MWH - Day 1 - EU - MWH is a course to help you understand why the world and its people today are as they are. Fill out notecard with name, address, do you have regular online access at home? Intro to course, textbooks, understand homework assignments on google calendar Homework sheet – shows the due day for each assignment, test and benchmark Text book is online – see Username is cbwest and the password is cbwest or you can me for the authentication code and set up your own account Get Unit 1 packet – Begin why Study Modern World History project

Everything you learn in this course applies to events today!!
MWH Day 1 Agenda Goal for MWH – (why are you required to take this course?) to understand the world we live in today, (politically, culturally, technologically, militarily, globally, economically) to understand how and why we got here and to be able to be effective and responsible citizens of the world now and in the future Everything you learn in this course applies to events today!!

MWH Day 1 Agenda What specifically can we learn from the study of the modern world? Why study history? Think about our country: where did the following come from? Sushi Japan Kung-fu (wushu) China Democracy Greece Black pepper India Decimal numbers Arabia Christianity Jerusalem Printed books Germany Civil rights Persia Astronomy Mesopotamia (now Iraq) Surgical Medicine Egypt Understanding England of gravity Think about our country: where did the following come from? Sushi Kung-fu (wushu) Democracy Black pepper Decimal numbers Christianity Printed books Civil rights Astronomy Surgical Medicine Understanding of gravity

Why Study History? MWH Day 1 Agenda
History is similar to building a house. You cannot understand certain events out of context. You must understand what occurred before in order to move on and Unit I provides the foundation for understanding the remaining content of the course

Why study history? To learn from good examples To learn from mistakes made in the past To understand the world and its people

Notetaking – a Method MWH Day 1 Agenda Content –
Questions to ask in class. Connections and discussion linking to current events Indications of bias Content – Heading – what is the title of the section? Subsection heading Key people Key events Explanation of causes and effects - Or - Heading Subsection heading Key people Key events causes and effects SH

Seeds of change: Emergence of the 1st global age (1450-1770)
Unit I

Unit Overview Current world issues World Geography and Religions Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution Explorations and the Columbian Exchange Intro to Enlightenment

Unit Enduring Understandings
Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas. Technology, commerce, and religion cause cultures to interact, exchange and conflict with one another. Every society has developed some political system by which either the one, the few, or the many rule over others.

Unit Essential Questions
How does geography affect people and societies? How can ideas change the world? What is globalization and when did it begin? What happens when different cultures interact? Why do technology, commerce and religion have an impact on inter-cultural interactions? What is the proper relationship between citizens and their government?

The beginning of the “modern” world
To understand how the current modern world can be understood by what we will learn in this class Work in groups to put together ppt – unit link for course Present ppt – as audience members take notes in your graphic organizers. The beginning of the “modern” world The present informed by the past

The beginning of the “modern” world
Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events. Finish Presentations – conclusions? How will this course help you understand the world issues today? Using your world map on packet page #1, show one location that directly affects the US militarily. Show one location that affects the US economically Show one location that affects your life. Write a few sentences explaining how these effects have occurred. Themes of Geography The beginning of the “modern” world Geography – day 3

Location Geographers use latitude and longitude to pinpoint a place’s absolute, or exact, location. To know the absolute location of a place is only part of the story. It is also important to know how that place is related to other places—in other words, to know that place’s relative location. Relative location deals with the interaction that occurs between and among places. It refers to the many ways—by land, by water, even by technology—that places are connected.

Place All places have characteristics that give them meaning and character and distinguish them from other places on earth. Geographers describe places by their physical and human characteristics. Physical characteristics include such elements as animal life. Human characteristics of the landscape can be noted in architecture, patterns of livelihood, land use and ownership, town planning, and communication and transportation networks. Languages, as well as religious and political ideologies, help shape the character of a place. Studied together, the physical and human characteristics of places provide clues to help students understand the nature of places on the earth.

Human/Environment Interaction
The environment means different things to different people, depending on their cultural backgrounds and technological resources. In studying human/environment interaction, geographers look at all the effects—positive and negative—that occur when people interact with their surroundings. Sometimes a human act, such as damming a river to prevent flooding or to provide irrigation, requires consideration of the potential consequences.

Movement People interact with other people, places, and things almost every day of their lives. They travel from one place to another; they communicate with each other; and they rely upon products, information, and ideas that come from beyond their immediate environment.

Region Region is an area on the earth’s surface that is defined by certain unifying characteristics. The unifying characteristics may be physical, human, or cultural. In addition to studying the unifying characteristics of a region, geographers study how a region changes over times. Using the theme of regions, geographers divide the world into manageable units for study.

What geography theme is represented on this map?
1 – Philadelphia 2 – London 3 – Beijing 4 – Sydney 5 – Pretoria 6 – Mumbai 7 - Lima What geography theme is represented on this map? How could we show the other themes? Arctic Ocean Russia UK 2 Europe Asia USA North America 1 3 Iran China Atlantic Ocean Mexico India Africa 6 Pacific Ocean Iraq Nigeria South America Brazil 7 Indian Ocean Oceania 5 4 Antarctica

Beginning of Modern World
Europe

Beginning of Modern World
Why Europe? Some of the earliest civilizations Geography conducive (favorable) to the emergence (appearance) of empires Coastlines make it easier to travel, attack, etc.

Beginning of the Modern World
“Modern” Globalization Phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange in 19th century Columbian Exchange- widespread exchange of animal, plants, culture (slaves), communicable diseases and ideas between Eastern and Western hemispheres

World Religions and Geography – day3 Interactive Map
A - Geography has an impact on history B - Challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas C - Religion affects how different cultures interact, cooperate, conduct commerce and conflict with each other. Share your completed graphic organizer about Religions with the other group members Compare content – discuss difference and similarities Complete graphic organizer so that all members understand the religion Complete bottom of pp#10 – wrap up Review map of Europe – why was Italy the most advanced country during the Renaissance? Why would England, France, Spain and Portugal be major world powers, but Austria, Germany and Scandanavia be powers only in Europe? World Religions and Geography – day3 Interactive Map

World Religions: A Comparison
Buddhism Name of Deity The Buddha did not teach a personal deity Founder Siddhartha Gautama – called the Buddha (means The Enlightened One) Holy Book No one book—sacred texts including the Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, Tripitaka, Mahayna Sutras Leadership Buddhist monks and nuns Basic Beliefs Persons achieve complete peace and happiness (nirvana) by eliminating material possessions; Nirvana achieved by following the Noble Eightfold Path. Karma is the concept that good begets good and bad begets bad. Buddhism: An Introduction Buddhism is a major global religion with a complex history and system of beliefs. The following is intended only to introduce Buddhism's history and fundamental tenets, and by no means covers the religion exhaustively. To learn more about Buddhism, please look through our Web Resources section for other in-depth, online sources of information. Siddhartha Gautama: The Buddha Historians estimate that the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, lived from 566(?) to 480(?) B.C. The son of an Indian warrior-king, Gautama led an extravagant life through early adulthood, reveling in the privileges of his social caste. But when he bored of the indulgences of royal life, Gautama wandered into the world in search of understanding. After encountering an old man, an ill man, a corpse and an ascetic, Gautama was convinced that suffering lay at the end of all existence. He renounced his princely title and became a monk, depriving himself of worldly possessions in the hope of comprehending the truth of the world around him. The culmination of his search came while meditating beneath a tree, where he finally understood how to be free from suffering, and ultimately, to achieve salvation. Following this epiphany, Gautama was known as the Buddha, meaning the "Enlightened One." The Buddha spent the remainder of his life journeying about India, teaching others what he had come to understand. The Four Noble Truths The Four Noble Truths comprise the essence of Buddha's teachings, though they leave much left unexplained. They are the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering. More simply put, suffering exists; it has a cause; it has an end; and it has a cause to bring about its end. The notion of suffering is not intended to convey a negative world view, but rather, a pragmatic perspective that deals with the world as it is, and attempts to rectify it. The concept of pleasure is not denied, but acknowledged as fleeting. Pursuit of pleasure can only continue what is ultimately an unquenchable thirst. The same logic belies an understanding of happiness. In the end, only aging, sickness, and death are certain and unavoidable. The Four Noble Truths are a contingency plan for dealing with the suffering humanity faces -- suffering of a physical kind, or of a mental nature. The First Truth identifies the presence of suffering. The Second Truth, on the other hand, seeks to determine the cause of suffering. In Buddhism, desire and ignorance lie at the root of suffering. By desire, Buddhists refer to craving pleasure, material goods, and immortality, all of which are wants that can never be satisfied. As a result, desiring them can only bring suffering. Ignorance, in comparison, relates to not seeing the world as it actually is. Without the capacity for mental concentration and insight, Buddhism explains, one's mind is left undeveloped, unable to grasp the true nature of things. Vices, such as greed, envy, hatred and anger, derive from this ignorance. The Third Noble Truth, the truth of the end of suffering, has dual meaning, suggesting either the end of suffering in this life, on earth, or in the spiritual life, through achieving Nirvana. When one has achieved Nirvana, which is a transcendent state free from suffering and our worldly cycle of birth and rebirth, spiritual enlightenment has been reached. The Fourth Noble truth charts the method for attaining the end of suffering, known to Buddhists as the Noble Eightfold Path. The steps of the Noble Eightfold Path are Right Understanding, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right Concentration. Moreover, there are three themes into which the Path is divided: good moral conduct (Understanding, Thought, Speech); meditation and mental development (Action, Livelihood, Effort), and wisdom or insight (Mindfulness and Concentration).

Christianity Name of Deity God and Jesus Christ Founder Jesus Christ and the Apostles Holy Book Bible (Pentateuch, Prophets, Kings, and Apostles) Leadership Clergy (priests, ministers, etc.) Basic Beliefs There is only one God; Jesus Christ was the son of God. He died to save humanity from sin, making eternal life possible for others; Persons achieve salvation by following teachings of Jesus

Hinduism Name of Deity Three main Gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva Founder No one founder Holy Book No one book, sacred texts including the Vedas, the Puranas Leadership Guru, Holy Man, Braham priest Basic Beliefs The soul never dies but is continually reborn; Persons achieve happiness after freeing themselves of earthly desires, Freedom from earthly desires comes from lifetime of worship, knowledge, and virtuous acts.

Islam Name of Deity God (Allah) Founder Muhammad Holy Book Qur’an Leadership Sunni and Shi’i have different clergy. Imams, mullahs, Caliphs, ayatollahs, hojjat al-islam – collectively called the Ulama Basic Beliefs Persons achieve salvation by following the Five Pillars of Islam and living a just life. These pillars are faith, almsgiving, fasting (Ramadan), pilgrimage to Mecca, and prayer,

Difference between Islam and Muslim…
Islam is the religion and Muslims are people who understand, believe, and practice Islam properly, i.e. according to the text. Islam is to Christianity what Muslims are to Christians. War Over Ground Zero-Religious Tolerance Today?

Judaism Name of Deity God (Yahweh) Founder Abraham Holy Book Hebrew Bible (including the Torah) Leadership Rabbis Basic Beliefs There is only one God; God loves and protects his people but also holds people accountable for their sins and shortcomings; Persons serve God by studying the Torah and living by its teachings; major holidays – Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, Passover and Shabbat

Renaissance – Day 4 1300-1600 A - Geography has an impact on history
B - Challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas Review map of Europe – why was Italy the most advanced country during the Renaissance? Why would England, France, Spain and Portugal be major world powers, but Austria, Germany and Scandanavia be powers only in Europe? Renaissance – Day 4

Religions of the World

1. France 2. Spain 3. Germany 4. Italy 5. Poland 6. Great Britain
7. Russia 7 6 5 3 1 France Spain Germany Italy Poland UK Russia 4 2

8.Ukraine 9. Greece 10. Sweden 11. Ireland 12. Austria 10 11 8 9 12

13. Serbia 14. Albania 15. Portugal 16. Denmark 17. Norway
18. Czech Republic 19. Netherlands 20. Belgium 19 17 20 16 18 15 13. Serbia 14. Albania 15. Portugal 16. Denmark 17. Norway 18. Czech Republic 19. Netherlands 20. Belgium 13 14

A - Challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas
Get handout and computer to login to text book Map Quiz game The Renaissance leads to changes like the rebirth of humanism and the beginnings of questioning the existing order of religious and political power as well as science. Complete pp#1 of Quattrocento Complete pp#2 & top of 3 of Quattrocento Identify 5 new ideas during the Renaissance and Reformation that challenged the existing order and then explain the impact each has had on the world today. Complete pp#3 and 4 about exploration Renaissance – Day Reformation– challenging the Church Exploration – europe moves outward

Test your skills… Europe Map Game

Renaissance Renaissance Overview
Rebirth of learning and education, art and architecture, modern politics & economics Began in Northern Italy Reasons behind Northern Italy Urbanism Overseas trade led to large city-states but most of Europe still rural People came to cities to spread/learn new ideas

Renaissance Reasons behind Northern Italy (cont.) Wealthy merchants
Dominated politics Had to earn their wealth and power Showed their wealth and power by funding the arts Greek and Roman Heritage Used as model for the arts Scholars studied Latin manuscripts and literature Pope’s power declined England and France at war

Renaissance Renaissance Mentality Patrons of the Arts
Humanism—focus of scholars on human potential and achievement; studied the “humanities” – history, literature, philosophy Enjoyment of World Pleasures You do not need to sacrifice to please God People began to wear fine clothing and enjoy fine foods and music Society became more secular (non-religious) Patrons of Arts Patrons of the Arts Popes and merchants became patrons (sponsors) of the arts

Renaissance Renaissance Mentality (cont.) Renaissance Man
Men were expected to create art and master all areas of study Men that excelled in these areas were called a “Universal man” or “Renaissance Man”

Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier
Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern, and always among the first, where the enemy are to be seen; and in every other place, gentle, modest, reserved, above all things avoiding ostentation {showiness} and that impudent {bold} self praise by which men ever excite hatred and disgust in all who hear them. What is he saying here? If you wanted to hire a man like this, what would the “Want Ad” say?

The personal ad for him would read…
Looking for a man who is charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He must be able to dance, sing, play music, write poetry, ride horses well, wrestle, and be a fine swordsman. He must be brave in battle yet humble outside of battle.

Renaissance Renaissance Mentality (cont.) The Renaissance Woman
Upper class women should also know the classics and be charming but not seek fame Should inspire art but not create it and have little influence on politics

What values can we extracted from the pictures below?

Renaissance Art Medieval Art Renaissance Art Religious subjects
Two-dimensional Created “ideal” people Religious and secular subjects Realistic portrayal of individual

Renaissance Art New Techniques Perspective Creates a 3-D appearance
Parallel lines move towards a focal point on the horizon to create dimension Objects get smaller as farther back. Where is the focal point in this work?

Renaissance Art New Techniques (cont.) Pyramid Configuration
Symmetrical composition draws your focus to center of work for climax/focal point Chiaroscuro The contrast of light and dark are used to create dimension Fresco Painting on wet plaster

Renaissance Art From Creation Panel of Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel
CHIAROSCURO The Last Judgment by Michelangelo FRESCO Mona Lisa by Da Vinci PYRAMID CONFIGURATION

Renaissance Art MICHAELANGELO Pieta , 1499 David, 1504

MICHAELANGELO: SISTINE CHAPEL
Renaissance Art MICHAELANGELO: SISTINE CHAPEL

Renaissance Art LEONARDO Da VINCI Mona Lisa, 1504 Vitruvian Man, 1485

Renaissance Art The Last Supper 1498

Renaissance Art Flying Machine, 1488

The Wedding of the Virgin
Renaissance Art RAPHAEL School of Athens The Wedding of the Virgin

Renaissance Art BOTTICELLI The Birth Venus

Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
Renaissance Art JAN VAN EYCK Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride

Renaissance Literature and Politics
Niccolo Machiavelli An Italian political philosopher Wrote The Prince in 1513 While somewhat controversial, his political philosophy is still studied and used often in today’s world “The end justifies the means.” “… there are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force: the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second…”

Should a leader rule like a lion or a fox?

Renaissance: Northern
Northern Renaissance Spreads to England, France, Germany, and Flanders Why? France and England involved in 100 Years War (ended 1453) Plague in northern Europe lasted longer Difference? More religious in nature than Italian art (less inspired by Greece and Rome)

DURER Apocalypse (engraving) Young Hare, 1502 (watercolor)

HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER Henry VIII, 1536 Anne of Cleves, 1539

BRUEGEL Hunters in the Snow The Harvesters

BRUEGEL The Peasant Wedding

Renaissance Outcomes of Renaissance Strong sense of individualism
Increase in secularism Look for answers beyond The Church Sciences Other religious ideas Higher literacy rate Emergence of materialism Higher standards of living

Day 5 – Reformation and Scientific Revolution
Enduring Understandings Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas. Map quiz on Europe and the world Reformation Complete pp#2 & top of 3 of Quattrocento Identify 5 new ideas during the Renaissance and Reformation that challenged the existing order and then explain the impact each has had on the world today. Exploration Complete pp#3 and 4 about exploration Scientific Revolution 1. Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration and the Scientific Revolution Reformation Day 5 – Reformation and Scientific Revolution

Problems in church Corruption in all levels of the church
Poor education of clergy Clergy up to pope focused on worldly pursuits rather than just religion Resistance to taxation by the newly secular merchant class and aristocracy

Reformation Reformation Overview
European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a branch of contemporary Christianity Began as an attempt to reform a corrupt Catholic Church Teaching and sales of indulgences Sparked when Martin Luther published the Ninety-Five Theses & concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars

Protestant Branches

Reformation Martin Luther
Nailed Ninety-Five Theses to door of All Saint’s Church Theses criticized Catholic Church and Pope but concentrated on: Selling of indulgences Doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, devotion to Mary and the saints, most of the sacraments, & clerical celibacy Several reformists followed his lead with help of the printing press

LUTHERAN RELIGION Ministers (Administers) rather than Priests could marry No holy relics in Church (no crucifixes) or statues Services and Bible in German Prayers of confession and people encouraged to directly communicate with God

Catholic Church has a Counter-Reformation
Pope Leo X demands Martin Luther renounce his Theses upon pain of excommunication. Luther is tried at the Diet of Worms, refuses to renounce and is excommunicated. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issues Edict of Worms – no one can help Luther Jesuits under Ignatious of Loyola present some church reforms like building schools, gaining new converts and fighting against protestants At the Council of Trent, 3 different Popes defined Church teachings and opposed protestants in the areas of: Scripture and Tradition Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints but mostly just reaffirm Church doctrine

Reformation spreads Luther’s reform call leads peasants to revolt against abuse and corruption in their churches and the princes who were connected to the church. Luther does not support the peasants – is appalled at their attempt to change the social order

Reformation Reformation Outside Germany
John Calvin and Calvinism (Switzerland) French theologian that believed people were always combating evil and religion was guidance to fight one’s tendency toward sin Other beliefs include: Theocracy—elect those God has chosen for salvation Predestination/Predetermined Salvation—”God adopts some to the hope of life and adjudges others to eternal death”

Reformation Reformation Outside Germany
John Knox and Presbyterianism (Scotland) Modified Calvin’s theocracy Beliefs include: Sovereignty of God Authority of scriptures Importance of grace through faith in Christ Presbyterianism becomes national religion of Scotland

Henry VII: Six wives whom he beheaded!
Reformation Reformation Outside Germany Henry VIII (England) Henry VIII desire for a male heir and divorce prompted the creation of Church of England Marriage to Catherine of Aragon produced female heir (Mary I) Religious changes slower in England than elsewhere middle way between Roman Catholic Church & Protestant Traditions Henry VII: Six wives whom he beheaded!

Reformation Reformation Outside of Germany Henry VIII (England) cont.
Act of Supremacy King head of church and state Pope has no authority All church lands sold to nobles People forced to covert from Catholicism to Anglican

Reformation: Bloody Mary
Eldest daughter of Henry VIII and only surviving child of Catherine of Aragon. As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, Edward VI, to the English throne. In the process, she had almost 300 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions, earning her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I.

Reformation Reformation Outside of Germany Elizabeth I (England)
Supported establishment of Protestant English Church Governed on consensus (agreement) Reign became known as the Elizabethan Era “Virgin” Queen

Reformation Effects of Reformation
Led to series of religious wars that culminated (ended) in the Thirty Years’ War that ended with the Peace of Westphalia New religions (in particular, Calvinism and other Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully using hard earned money and identified the purchase of luxuries a sin Weakened the church and promoted new states’ powers outside of religion

Review page #3-4 – Exploration – why did Europe go exploring and what were the effects on the “natives?” Exploration

Beginning of the Modern World
“Modern” Globalization Phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange in 19th century Columbian Exchange- widespread exchange of animal, plants, culture (slaves), communicable diseases and ideas between Eastern and Western hemispheres

Why explore? Exploration occurred for three basic reasons
Trade – seeking wealth in competition with other countries Based on the idea of mercantilism – the power of a country is based on its wealth and the way to achieving wealth for a country is to get gold and silver and to have a trade surplus Spread Christianity Technological advancements made it possible.

Who explored? Spain Portugal England Netherlands (the Dutch)

Who did it? Who did it?

Results of exploration?
Major global empires for the 4 big exploring countries Beginning of colonization African slave trade and all of its negative consequences Exploitation and mass killings of natives in the colonies Exportation of European ideas including religion Great wealth – Spain and Portugal from gold, England and the Dutch through trade

Scientific revolution
Enduring Understandings A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas. Review page #4 – Scientific revolution Write a brief paragraph explaining the causal relationship between the renaissance, reformation and scientific revolution Complete graphic organizer of the key enlightenment philosophers With which philosopher do you have the closest connection? Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the enlightenment Scientific revolution

Revolutionary Thinking
The Renaissance and Reformation inspired people to challenge the accepted scientific views of ancient thinkers and the church Geocentric theory widely accepted prior to this period

Scientific Revolution
What was the Scientific Revolution? Scholars/scientists questioned accepted ideas about nature, earth and the universe Old Science v. New Science Old Science based on religion and belief NEW SCIENCE based on math, logic, reason, observation and data Inductive reasoning – observing and understanding specific facts to develop a general theory

Influences Renaissance Education of the Classics Secularism Criticisms of the Catholic Church Exploration Drive to better understand tides, weather, winds, currents, Foreign technology-astrolabe

New Discoveries Heliocentric Theory –sun-centered universe Advancements in Medicine—vaccinations Scientific Instruments Microscope Telescope Law of Gravity Chemistry biology

Theories on the Universe 2nd C. AD- Ptolemy recorded the earth was the center of the universe—Geocentric Theory

Theories of the Universe 1548-Nicholas Copernicus challenges Ptolemy’s geocentric theory and proves the Heliocentric Theory

Theories of the Universe Johannes Kepler (1600s)—takes the Heliocentric Theory and perfects it with the Laws of Planetary Motion One law states that the planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits not circular orbits

Francis Bacon urged scientists to draw conclusions of the world based on their own observations Rene Descartes believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason “I think, therefore I am.” Newton explains law of gravity through scientific method Boyle describes the relationship between volume, pressure and temperature

Importance This so-called revolution was important because scientists use these approaches today – it is from scientific reasoning that our lives are longer, healthier and filled with so much useful technological developments Influenced others to study all aspects of society—government, religion, economics, education, etc.

Enduring Understandings
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas. Review graphic organizer of the key enlightenment philosophers With which philosopher do you have the closest connection? Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the enlightenment Enlightenment

Enlightenment Enlightenment Overview
People try to apply the scientific approach to all aspects of society Political scientists propose new ideas about government Philosophes (philosophers) advocate the use of reason to discover truths Address social issues through reason

Enlightenment Causes Ideals of the Renaissance Scientific Revolution
Individualism, secularism, rebirth of classical teachings Scientific Revolution Logic, reason, mathematics New way of thinking based on willingness to question assumptions Absolutism Reaction to government of total control Questioning of Theory of Divine Right

Characteristics of Enlightened Thought
Ideas incorporating the themes listed below were heavily discussed during this era REASON-justification HAPPINESS-What makes people happy? LIBERTY-freedoms PROGRESS-tolerance, diversity, science NATURE- outside (plants, earth, universe, etc) and inside (emotion, human interactions, etc)

Enduring Understandings
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas. Review graphic organizer of the key enlightenment philosophers With which philosopher do you have the closest connection? Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the enlightenment Enlightenment

Enlightenment thinkers
A graphic organizer of the philosophes Identify who, where and the key ideas of each of the following Hobbes Locke Montesquieu Enlightenment thinkers Beccaria Adam Smith Rousseau Voltaire Wollstonecraft

The Origins of Enlightenment?
RELIGIOUS: Deism The belief in the existence of a God or supreme being but a denial of revealed religion, basing one’s belief on the light of nature and reason. Deists saw no point in any particular religion; they recognized only a distant God, uninvolved in the daily life of man. The Origins of Enlightenment?

The Origins of Enlightenment?
RELIGIOUS: Pantheism The belief that God and nature are one and the same. Gradually, highly educated Protestants & Catholics thought more about God’s work as revealed through science, rather than through the Scriptures. The Origins of Enlightenment?

THE SALON Serious workroom of philosophy Various people, all educated
Women sharp and witty

Human existence is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
Thomas Hobbes Human existence is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" Living through the brutal English civil wars in the 17th century, Hobbes was very cynical about human nature. He wrote in the Leviathan that humans are selfish and wicked. Without government, there would be “war of all against all.” Therefore, absolute monarchies are created through a social contract to keep the mean, nasty men from killing each other.

John Locke "Government has no other end than the preservation of property.” He postulated that the mind was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa“; people are born without innate ideas Believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance Two Treatises of Government had a profound influence on the writing of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution People have god-given rights that are inviolable People will voluntarily, through a social contract, create a government to protect their god-given rights If government violates the social contract, then the people have the right to change the government "Wherever Law ends, Tyranny begins."

Voltaire “Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.” His intelligence, wit and style made him one of France’s greatest writers and philosophers He was attracted to the philosophy of John Locke and ideas of Sir Isaac Newton In favor of religious tolerance and interested in the study of the natural sciences Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do. God is a comedian playing to an audience too afraid to laugh. If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong. Love truth and pardon error.

Voltaire Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his answers. Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the difference. Prejudice is opinion without judgment. The way to become boring is to say everything. I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

Jean –Jacques Rousseau
“Never exceed your rights, and they will soon become unlimited.” Contended that man is essentially good, a "noble savage" when in the "state of nature" Good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their experiences in society Most important work is "The Social Contract" that describes the relationship of man with society “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.”

Jean –Jacques Rousseau
The right kind of political order could make people truly moral and free. Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one’s individual interests to the “General Will.” Individuals did this by entering into a social contract not with their rulers, but with each other. This social contract was derived from human nature, not from history, tradition, or the Bible. People would be most free and moral under a republican form of government with direct democracy.

Adam Smith “Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production; and the interest of the producer ought to be attended to, only so far as it may be necessary for promoting that of the consumer.” Scottish philosopher and economist famous for his book, “The Wealth of Nations” written in 1776 Profound influence on modern economics and concepts of individual freedom Father of modern capitalism and influential in the formulation of American Capitalism Economic liberty guarantees economic progress Government needs to stay out of economics because: Buyers will buy Sellers will sell Each will participate in economics out of their own self-interest Harmony will results

Montesquieu “Liberty is the right of doing whatever
Liberty is the key for successful government, but liberty is often eroded by power in the hands of government He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers in government; executive, legislative and judicial Separated power would lead to checks on power and therefore protecting liberty – developing the theory of checks and balances largely responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire “Liberty is the right of doing whatever the laws permit.” -Montesquieu

Beccaria An independent judiciary should provide justice, not just support the rulers Opposed torture and arbitrary rulings and procedures Promoted fair trials with adequate defense of the accused Punishment should fit the crime

Wollstonecraft Promoted the value of women Women should be educated
Women should be equal to men in politics and professions

Impact of the Enlightenment
People have confidence that human reason can solve social problems The individual becomes important as people use their own ability to reason and judge Absolutism is generally questioned as being the antithesis of enlightenment. Sets the stage for popular revolutions in the 18th and 19th Centuries Some monarchs make reforms – the enlightened despots – modified absolutists Others fight for their continued power

Use your blank map to label the following countries
1. France 2. Spain 3. Germany 4. Italy 5. Poland 6. Great Britain 7. Russia 8. Ukraine 9. Greece 10. Sweden 11. Ireland 12. Austria

7 6 5 3 1 France Spain Germany Italy Poland UK Russia 4 2

10 11 8 12 8.Ukraine 9. Greece 10. Sweden 11. Ireland 12. Austria 9

Use your blank map to label the following countries
13. Serbia 14. Albania 15. Portugal 16. Denmark 17. Norway 18. Czech Republic 19. Netherlands 20. Belgium

20 14 19 17 16 18 15 13. Serbia 14. Albania 15. Portugal 16. Denmark
17. Norway 18. Czech Republic 19. Netherlands 20. Belgium 13 14

Test your skills… Europe Map Game

MWH - Day 1 - EU - MWH is a course to help you understand why the world and its people today are as they are. Fill out notecard with name, email address,

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MWH - Day 1 - EU - MWH is a course to help you understand why the world and its people today are as they are. Fill out notecard with name, email address,

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Presentation on theme: "MWH - Day 1 - EU - MWH is a course to help you understand why the world and its people today are as they are. Fill out notecard with name, email address,"— Presentation transcript:

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