1. Regents Review Global History and Geography Mr. Regan, Ms. Scallero

2. CONFIDENTLY! Global History and Geography AGENDA Purpose: To help you organize your review for the Global History and Geography regents exam so that you can walk into the exam on June 18 th Process: Examine the Format of Regents Exam Organize Review and Study Strategies Review Test Taking Strategies Writing the DBQ

3. Where Can I Get Review Materials? Use web sites: Regents Review Site at http://regentsprep.org SED test sampler for Global History at www.nysed.gov Purchase review book Use your class notebook, textbook, review folder

4. FORMAT Part 150 Multiple-choice questions--55% Parts 2 and 3Essays Thematic essay 15% Document Based Question (DBQ) 15% scaffolding 15% essay No choice. You must write 2 essays You must demonstrate your knowledge of content and your skills of analysis, organization, and writing as you address these two essay tasks. Your essays will be evaluated using rubrics.

5. TEST TAKING SKILLS  Read all directions carefully.  This is a timed test. You have 3 hours to complete the test so work efficiently. First do the chronologically organized multiple choice questions. Next do the DBQ  write responses to the scaffold questions  organize your essay  write the essay Last do the thematic essay

6. Use These STRATEGIES  For multiple choice Read the question carefully, underlining key words Eliminate wrong foils or answers  For DBQ scaffold questions Read the question below the document Brainstorm what you know about the question before reading the documents Read the document carefully, underlining key ideas which will help answer the question Write the response using information directly from the document.  Make your answer as complete as possible  Write complete sentences

7. FOR ESSAYS  Read the question or task carefully. Underline key words. Be sure you understand what you are required to do.  Read the rubric. Underline key words.  Organize information needed to respond to the question. For the DBQ include outside information and information from the documents  Write introductory paragraph- thesis statement, controlling idea, definition of the topic, introduction of what you will prove in the essay.  Write body paragraphs- one for each topic.  Write a concluding paragraph.

8. REVIEW STRATEGIES ORGANIZE your review Identify the most important topics Create study aids--charts, flash cards, timelines, graphic organizers, maps to organize key information Keep your review materials in a folder SCHEDULE review time on your calendar. Be sure you have a quiet place.

9. REVIEW STRATEGIES ACTIVELY STUDY your materials. Do what works for you--make cards in colors, draw pictures of vocabulary words, make illustrated timelines, study with a friend. PRACTICE doing multiple choice questions and writing DBQ and thematic essays. BELIEVE you can do it. Set goals and get started reviewing.

10. Review Strategies for Content CHRONOLOGICAL ERAS Graphic organizer/ timeline for era Outline of important content Chart of important themes/concepts: GeographyRevolutionsConflict Political systemsNationalismScience& Tech. Economic systemsImperialismMovement of Goods Belief systemsHuman Rights ChangeInteractions & People

11. Global History & Geography INTRODUCTION 1. Ancient World (4000BC-500) 2. Expanding Zones of Exchange & Encounter (500-1200) 3. Global Interactions (1200-1650) 4. First Global Age (1450-1770) 5. Age of Revolutions (1750-1914) 6. Half Century of Crisis & Achievement (1900-1945) 7. 20 th Century Since 1945 8. Global Connections and Interactions

12. 4000 BC - 500 AD Early River Valley CivilizationsEarly River Valley Civilizations Classical Civilizations Belief systems 500 AD - 1600 AD Rise of Empires Golden Ages Early Middle Ages Age of Transition Exploration Encounter 1600 - 1900 Absolutism Enlightenment, Evolution British Democracy, French Revolution, Lat. Am. Rev.EnlightenmentEvolution British DemocracyFrench RevolutionLat. Am. Rev. Industrial Revolution Nationalism 1900 - 1945 World War I Russian Revolution Dictators & WWIIDictators WWII 1945 - present Cold War, independence movements, changes in Middle East, Africa, Asiaindependence movements

13. Neolithic Agricultural Revolution Two Key Ideas: 1.Domestication of Animals 2.Farmers Planting Seeds to Grow Crops –Leads to the DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION

14. Rome Egypt Greece India China Mesopotamia

15. Ancient World CIVILIZATIONS AND RELIGION 4000 BC - 500 AD Ancient River Valleys Contributions NileNile / Egypt Tigris & Euphrates Mesopotamia Indus India Huang He China Home

16. EGYPT / NILE Irrigation System – Nile River Pyramids Pharaoh Hieroglyphics Polytheistic religion – divine right Back

17. TIGRIS & EUPHRATES MESOPOTAMIA Code of Hammurabi Cuneiform Many conquerors Back

18. INDUS INDIA Planned cities – Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Hinduism - caste system Sanskrit writing Back

19. HUANG HE CHINA Walled cities Calligraphy - writing Rice cultivation Dynasties Dynastic Cycle – Mandate of Heaven Back

20. ANCIENT WORLD Civilizations and Religion 4000 BC - 500 Contributions of Classical Civilizations GreeceRome Han Dynasty (China Han Dynasty (China ) Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire (India) Mayan Back

21. GREECE Architecture - Parthenon Science and math Philosophy - questioning spirit, human reason, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle City states Athens - democracy Sparta - military Back

22. ROME Centralized government - empire and army Engineering - roads, aqueducts Law - Twelve Tables Pax Romana - promoted trade Christianity Latin language Republic vs. Empire Mare Nostrum -- “Our sea” Back

23. DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Political corruption Economic problem - inflation, unemployment, cost of empire Military decline Loss of morale Barbarian invasions Back

24. MAYAN (Mesoamerica) Architecture- temples, palaces Math, number system Calendar Astronomy Writing system Agrarian, maize Back

25. MAURYAN EMPIRE (India) Buddhism King Asoka ·tolerant of all religions · built hospitals, roads · encouraged education and spread of Buddhism Back

26. CLASSICAL CHINA Zhou dynasty - teachings of Confucius and Lao-zi Qin dynasty - Great Wall of China Han dynasty - Golden Age ·civil service examinations · merchants - trade · Silk Road - connected China & India to Middle East Back

27. MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS Ancient World Civilizations and Religion 4000 BC - 500 Daoism Confucianism Buddhism Hinduism Judaism Christianity Islam Janism Animism Shintoism

28. Major Belief Systems of the World Religion Location Major Beliefs Impact Confucianism Daoism Buddhism Hinduism Home

29. Major Belief Systems of the World Religion Location Major Beliefs Impact Judaism Christianity Islam Animism Home Shintoism

30. IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS Interpret and view natural forces and patterns of nature Unified people in Latin America Led to conflict in the Crusades Protestant Reformation Medieval and Renaissance art and architecture ANIMISM CHRISTIANITY Back

31. IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS Meditation important; cultural diffusion -- spread from India Caste system Conflict in Partition of India Sacred objects - Ganges River and cow (don’t eat beef) ANIMISM BUDDHISM HINDUISM Back

32. IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS Influenced Chinese government and education Mandate of heaven Influenced some ancient Chinese leaders Study of natural world led to advances in science ANIMISM CONFUCIANISM DAOISM Back

33. IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS Unified people in Middle East Conflict in Crusades Partition of India No alcohol or pork Diaspora - Jews spread Anti-Semitism in Medieval Europe Jews persecuted Holocaust Pogroms in Russia 1948 Israel created and conflict ISLAM JUDAISM Back

34. The civilizations of the Sumerians, the Phoenicians, and the Mayans were similar in that each 1. emphasized equality in education 2. established monotheistic religions 3. encouraged democratic participation in government 4. developed extensive writing systems PRACTICE MULTIPLE CHOICE

35. Global Interaction-Key Questions 500-1600 What is a Golden Age and what were the achievements of each of the major empires? How did the empires spread and interact? What was Europe like after the fall of the Roman Empire? Feudalism? Role of the Catholic Church? How did Europe change during the Renaissance, Reformation, and Age of Exploration? What was the impact of the Columbian exchange on the peoples of Europe, Africa and the Americas? Home

36. MEDIEVAL EUROPE FEUDALISM Lord provided protection in exchange for loyalty and services of vassal Decentralized government Rigid class system Self sufficient manor Serfs Feudalism in Japan similar: shogun, samurai, peasants Home

37. MEDIEVAL EUROPE CATHOLIC CHURCH Unified people - common religion, sacraments Economic role - Church owned land and collected Educational role - monks in monasteries copied books Built cathedrals Pope powerful - crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor and called for the Crusades Home

38. DECLINE OF FEUDALISM - 1 CRUSADES - holy wars in which Christians wanted to regain the Holy Land from Seljuk Turks IMAPCT: 1. New ideas - Arabic, Greek, and Roman learning; awareness of other cultures-- Renaissance 2. New products (silk,spices, coffee etc.) increased demand --trade--Commercial Revolution-- Exploration 3. Breakdown of feudalism--Rise in power of kings Home

39. DECLINE OF FEUDALISM - 2 BLACK DEATH (bubonic plague) 1348-1353 --Rats with fleas carried the disease from Asia; entered Europe on trading ships IMPACT -- Killed 1/3 of European population -- Loss of peasant labor - decline of manors -- Guilds declined as craftsmen in towns died Home

40. AGE OF TRANSITION RENAISSANCE What? Rebirth of interest in learning; Golden Age Where began? - Italian city-states - Florence Emphasized : Humanism Secularism Art : Michelangelo - daVinci Scientific change : Copernicus - Galileo Literature : Machiavelli - Shakespeare Technology : Gutenberg Home

41. PROTESTANT REFORMATION What ? Martin Luther wanted to reform the Catholic Church - posted 95 Thesis Luther’s Ideas 1. sale of indulgences wrong 2. faith alone necessary for salvation 3. Pope and clergy not necessary - read Bible yourself Other leaders: John Calvin - Henry VIII Results: 1. end of religious unity, religious wars 2. growth in power of king 3. Counter-Reformation: Jesuits Council of Trent Inquisition Home

42. EXPLORATION Causes: 1. Desire for foreign products that Crusaders brought back and Marco Polo described 2. Search for new trade routes; all water route to the East 3. Navigational skills & instruments- maps, compass 4. Desire of European kings to gain wealth, power Leaders: –Portugal: Prince Henry, Diaz, DaGama –Spain: Columbus, Magellan, Pizarro, Cortes Results: 1. Colonization of “New World” 2. Mercantilism Home

43. The Encounter Between Europe and the Americas Pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas + European: exploration conquest colonization = The encounter between the European and American cultures Home

44. Encounter: Pre-Columbian Civilizations in the Americas Mayans in Mexico and Guatemala: Advanced civilization- temples, palaces, math, calendar, writing system Aztecs in Mexico Advanced civilization-cities, palaces, writing, empire Incas in Andes Mountains -Peru Advanced civilization- built cities, irrigation systems; empire connected by trails; record keeping system Home

45. Results of the Encounter Columbian Exchange-cultural diffusion to Europe - food (corn,beans, tomatoes, tobacco), gold & silver to Americas - animals, technology,diseases Transatlantic Slave Trade-triangular trade What : Due to the deaths of Native Americas (overwork in mines and plantations) more workers needed. 1- Slaves were captured in west Africa and shipped to the Americas (the Middle Passage) 2 - Sugar, tobacco, raw materials sent to Europe 3 - Guns and manufactured goods sent to Africa This led to the death of many African captives. Home

46. Colonialism Colonial government - Kings sent viceroys to administer the colonies Colonial social system - rigid classes peninsulares - born in Spain, power& wealth, ruling creoles - descendants of peninsul.born in Latin Am. mestizos and mulattos - mixed blood Native Americans and Africans - worked on plantations and in mines Encomienda system - feudal grant of land and power over the workers on it--given to nobility Home

47. Commercial Revolution Rise of Mercantilism What : wealth is based on accumulation of gold and silver Colonies provide the mother country with raw materials, gold, and silver Favorable balance of trade - mother country exports more than she imports King’s power and wealth are used to support development of industries in France, Spain, etc. Capitalism - entrepreneurs invest money for profit Home

48. Absolutism to Revolution 1600-1830s Absolutism Louis XIV Peter the Great Sulieman Akbar + New Ideas Scientific Rev. Enlightenment = Revolution in France & Am. Evolution of Constitutional Monarchy-GB Independence movements in Latin America Home

49. Absolutism Reasons for the rise of absolute monarchs 1. Decline of feudalism and the power of the nobles 2. Decline in power of the Catholic Church 3. Support of middle class merchants 4. Claimed Divine Right- monarch got his power from God; he was God’s deputy on earth Monarchs used their wealth to build armies and navies to protect their colonial empires. Hobbes said absolute monarchs were necessary to maintain order Home

50. Absolute Monarchs Louis XIV - France 1. “I am the state.” 2. Palace at Versailles 3. Colbert - mercantilism Philip II - Spain 1. Spanish Armada lost to England 2. Defender of Catholicism Czar Peter the Great - Russia 1. Westernization 2. Windows to the West 3. Orthodox Church under his control Home

51. Absolute Monarchs Sultan Sulieman the Magnificent - Ottoman Empire Encouraged the arts Akbar the Great - Mughal Empire in India Built roads; encouraged the arts-Golden Age Other rulers at this time Tokugawa shoguns - Japan Checked power of feudal lords(daimyo) Isolated Japan Ming dynasty - China Expanded trade- sent Zheng He and navy to Indian O. later isolation and ethnocentrism Qing (Manchu) Dynasty Home

52. Enlightenment - Age of Reason Based on Ideas from the Scientific Revolution –Scientific Method - truth based on questioning, observation, and experimentation rather than the Bible and ancient thinkers Copernicus, Galileo, Newton Enlightenment writers (the philosophers) believed the laws of nature and reason could explain human society and government Home

53. Enlightenment Writers John Locke - Two Treatises on Government 1. Men are born with natural rights of life, liberty, and property. 2. Men create governments to protect these rights. 3. If a government fails to protect their rights, they have the right to revolt or change the government. Rousseau - The Social Contract 1. “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.” 2. Believed government should express the general will of the people. Home

54. Enlightenment Writers Montesquieu- The Spirit of the Laws 1. Separation of Powers - 3 branches of government Voltaire 1. “I do not agree with what you are saying but I will defend your right to save it.” – freedom of speech Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations Economist who proposed laissez faire capitalism - government should not be involved in the economy; let nature take its course Home

55. Evolution of Constitutional Monarchy in England Magna Carta (1215) – King cannot tax without consent of Great Council; trial by peers Model Parliament – Representatives of middle class had a voice in the government (Parliament) Puritan Revolution (1642-1649) – Puritans in Parliament defeated absolute monarch (Stuarts), led by Cromwell Glorious Revolution 1688 – William and Mary agree to limited monarchy and sign the Bill of Rights Bill of Rights of 1689 – Established a limited or constitutional monarchy; Parliament in control Home

56. French Revolution of 1789 Causes 1. Political - abuses of the Old Regime--absolute monarchs had bankrupted the country with costly wars and lavish living at Palace of Versailles. 2. Economic - unfair system of taxation--First and Second Estates (Clergy and Nobility) paid little taxes even though they owed much land and collected taxes. 3. Social - rigid class system--Third Estate supported the other two estates; the bourgeoisie (middle class) resented the privileges of the nobility. 4. Intellectual - ideas of the enlightenment (Locke) and the American Revolution (Dec. of Independence) Home

57. Stages of the French Revolution 1. Old Regime - Absolute Monarch Louis XVI 2. Rule of Moderates - Third Estate declares Estates- General becomes National Assembly--issues the Declaration of Rights of Man and adopts a new constitution limiting power of the king 3. Rule of the Radicals - Robespierre & Committee of Public Safety--Reign of Terror - to protect France from foreign invasions and to eliminate internal opposition. French Republic established -”Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”- spread of democratic ideas 4. Strong leader - Emperor Napoleon I--Impact - Code Napoleon, nationalism; after defeat Congress of Vienna restored balance of power Home

58. Latin American Independence Movements (1810-1830s) Causes: 1. Ideas from the American and French revolutions 2. Ideas of Enlightenment writers 3. After Spain & Portugal finished fighting Napoleon, they tried to reestablish control of their empires Leaders: Simon Bolivar, San Martin, Father Hidalgo Results: 1. Independence for Mexico, Haiti, and other Latin American countries 2. Caudillos (strong political bosses) gained control in several countries Home

59. Industrial Revolution What? Change from the domestic system to the factory system –Domestic system - work done by hand in home –Factory system - work done by machines (assembly line) in factories Home

60. Why Did Industrial Revolution Start in England? Natural resources - coal, iron ore Workers available due to the Agricultural Revolution (inventions of machines, etc.) so fewer farmers were needed on the farms Capital/$ to build factories Markets – domestic and colonies Inventions - steam engine, spinning jenny Transportation - rivers and canals to connect Home

61. Results of Industrial Revolution Positive: Mass production of goods led to cheaper prices so people could have more Factory owners, bankers grow in number, wealth, and power Urbanization - cities grew with libraries etc. Leads to imperialism and increased power for mother country Home

62. Results of Industrial Revolution Negative (problems): Poor working conditions - long hours, unsafe factory conditions, low pay, child labor Poor living conditions for workers in the cities (slums) Pollution - water, streets, air Home

63. Solutions /Reponses Adam Smith: laissez faire capitalism - government should do nothing to solve Parliament passed laws regarding safety in the mines, factories, minimum wages, hours Unions organized workers and demanded minimum wages, hours (use strikes) Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto, workers of the world unite; communism: everyone is equal Home

64. New Imperialism Chart: What, Who, When, Why, Where, Results Home

65. Nationalism Unites Germany and Italy Divides Austrian Empire and Ottoman Empire Leads to conflict - World War I Home

66. World War I (1914-1919) MAIN causes Militarism- Germany & France Large armies: British large navy Alliances - Triple Alliance: Austria, Germany, Italy Triple Entente: England, France, Russia Imperialism - competition for colonies in Africa and for control in the Balkans Nationalism - France wanted revenge on Germany for defeat in Franco- Prussian War. Subject nationalities want independence Immediate cause : assassination of Austrian archduke by a Serb Home

67. World War I – War and Peace War Trench warfare, poison gas, flame throwers U.S. enters and Russia drops out in 1917 President Wilson of U.S. 14 points –Freedom of seas, self-determination, end of trade barriers, League of Nations –Treaty of Versailles - Germany treated harshly-- responsible for war (war guilt) and must pay reparations; Germany demilitarized, loses colonies and land Home

68. Russian Revolution of 1917 Causes: –Absolute monarch - Czar Nicholas II--weak –Nobles-wealthy, land; poor peasants want land –Losses in World War I –Lenin and Bolsheviks have communist ideas of Marx; promise “Peace, land, bread” Results: –Lenin and Bolsheviks win and take Russia out of World War I, set up Communist party; Stalin gets power after death of Lenin; Communist dictator, 5 year Plans, purge opposition, USSR Home

69. Rise of Dictators Hitler in Germany Leader/dictator of Nazi party - appointed chancellor, promises to tear up Versailles Treaty and blames German problems on Jews (anti- Semitism) Jews discriminated against, sent to ghettos & concentration camps-- Holocaust (genocide) Starts World War II Stalin in USSR Communist dictator - state planned, owned, controlled economy 5 year plans--rapid industrialization, collectivized farms Eliminated any opposition--Ukrainian kulaks (forced famine) Home

70. World War II (1939-1945) Causes: Failure of appeasement Axis aggression –Germany in Europe - Poland, France, invades USSR, Battle of Britain –Japan in Asia - against China and Pacific –Italy - Ethiopia in North Africa Results: Defeat of Germany and division; Japan bombed and occupied; now both are friends of U.S. Home

71. Aftermath of World War II Decline of France and Britain Emergence of Two Superpowers Establishment of United Nations Beginning of Cold War Beginning of Nuclear Age

72. The Cold War Origins Definition Characteristics Focal Point Key Conflicts

73. Independence Movements India Leader: Mahatma Gandhi used nonviolence, self- sufficiency, and civil disobedience to win Indian independence from Great Britain - Salt March Partition of India into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan - violence Africa Kenya- Kenyatta and Mau Maus fight against British and win independence Nkrumah - followed Gandhi’s example and boycotted Br. Products; won independence in 1957 for the Gold Coast (name changed to Ghana) Home

74. Global Regions Since 1945 Europe 1945-1991 1991 – Present Asia East Asia and the Pacific Rim Southeast Asia South Asia Middle East

75. Global Regions Since 1945 Sub – Saharan Africa - Political Boundaries Established by Colonial Powers - Ethnic Conflicts - Overpopulation - AIDS Crisis

76. Global Regions Since 1945 Latin America - Unequal Distribution of Wealth - Authoritarian Governments - Role of the Catholic Church - Special Case of Cuba - Recent Movement Towards Democracy