1. What 6 key dairy additives should you insist on everyday in every ration?
Dr. Mike Hutjens Professor Emeritus University of Illinois
Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl.
Director of Research and Tech Support QualiTech

2. Six Feed Additives You Want to Use
Dr. Mike Hutjens
University of Illinois

3. Defining Feed Additives
Feed ingredient added to a ration to function in a non-nutrient role

4. Reasons For Feed Additives
Band aid to cover up poor management
Correct a ration imbalance
Under 10 cents per cow per day
Enhance a productive response
Rumen environment
Milk yield or components
Immunity / health / SCC
Reproduction / fertility

5. U.S. Feed Additive Use (Hoard’s Survey of All Herds) %
Buffers
Yeast/yeast culture
Rumensin
Niacin
Probiotics
Mycotoxin binders
Methionine
Anionic products (13)
Feed bunk stabilizer
Don’t use

6. Which Feed Additive(s)?
Silage inoculants
Biotin
Organic trace minerals
Yeast culture/yeast products
Monensin (Rumensin)
Rumen Buffers

8. Hutjens’ List of Feed Additives Recommended
Rumen buffers
Yeast culture/yeast products
Monensin (Rumensin)
Silage inoculants
Biotin
Organic trace minerals

9. Survey Question Which additive would you select as most important if you could only purchase one?
Biotin
Ionophore (Rumensin)
Organic trace minerals
Rumen buffer
Yeast and yeast culture

10. Hutjens’ Priority Rumen impact Silage inoculants
Rumensin
Yeast and yeast culture
Sodium bicarb/S-carb
Silage inoculants
Organic trace minerals (Zn, Se, Mn, & Cu)
Biotin

11. Hutjens’ “As Needs” List
Propylene glycol (300 to 500 ml)
Calcium propionate (150 grams)
Niacin (3 g protected; 3 g unprotected)
Mycotoxin binders (clay mineral or yeast cell MOS compounds)
Protected choline (15 g per day)
Anionic products / salts (amount varies)
Acid-based preservatives (baled hay and high moisture corn (0.5 to 1%)

12. Additive Update

13. Evaluating Additives Function Level Cost Benefit to cost Strategy
Status

14. Monensin (Rumensin)
Function: Improve feed efficiency for lactating cow, reduce ketosis and displaced abomasums in transition cows, and microbial selection. Increase 2.2 pounds milk per day. Control cocci in calves and heifers.
Level: 11 g to 22 g per ton of total ration dry matter consumed (160 to 650 mg / cow / day)
Cost: 1 cent per 100 mg per day
Benefit to Cost Ratio: 5 to 1
Feeding Strategy: Feed to dry cows (reduce metabolic disorders) and lactating cow (feed efficiency) while monitoring milk components to evaluate optimal levels of monensin.
Status: Recommended

15. Yeast culture and Yeast
Function: Stimulate fiber-digesting bacteria, stabilize rumen environment, and utilize lactic acid.
Level: 10 to 120 g depending on yeast culture concentration
Cost: 4 to 6 cents per cow per day
Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1
Feeding Strategy: Two weeks prepartum to ten weeks postpartum, calf starter feeds, and during off-feed conditions and stress periods
Status: Recommended

16. Silage Bacterial Inoculant
Function: To stimulate silage fermentation, reduce DM loss, decrease ensiling temp, increase feed digestibility, and improve forage surface stability
Level: 100,000 colony forming units (CFU) per gram of wet silage (Lactobacillus plantarium, Lactobacillus acidilacti, Lactobacillus buchneri, Pediococcus cereviseai, Pediococcus pentacoccus, and/or Streptococcus faecium)
Cost: $0.60 to $3.00 per treated ton of wet silage
Benefit to Cost Ratio: 6:1
Feeding Strategy: Apply to all silages and high moisture corn; and under poor fermentation situations
Status: Recommended

17. Recommended Fermentation Profile for Ensiled Feeds
Measurement
Legume/grass
Corn Silage
H.M. Corn
Dry matter (%)
35 to 50
30 to 35
70 to 75 pH
4.3 to 4.7
3.8 to 4.2
4.0 to 4.5
Lactic acid (%)
4.0 to 6.0
5.0 to 10.0
1.0 to 2.0
Acetic acid (%)
0.5 to 2.5
1.0 to 3.0
<0.5
Propionic acid (%)
<0.25
<0.10
Butyric acid (%)
Ethanol (%DM)
<1.0
<3.0
<2.0
Ammonia (%CP)
<12.0
<8.0
<10.0
Lactic/Acetate
>2.5
>3.0
Lactic (% total)
>70

18. Organic Trace Minerals
Function: Improve immune response, harden hoof health, fertility, and somatic cell counts.
Level: 25 to 33% of Zn, Cu, & Mn and 50 to 100% of supplemented Se levels
Cost: 4 to 8 cents per cow per day
Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1
Feeding Strategy: Dry, transition, and early lactation cows; herds experiencing hoof, somatic cell counts, and wet environment challenges
Status: Recommended

19. Trace mineral functions
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Reproduction
Immunity
Skin integrity
Growth
Hoof health
Bone structure
Skeletal formation
Nutrient metabolism
Mineral absorption
Energy metabolism

20. Feed Management Magazine 1996
Bioavailability
Feed Management Magazine 1996

21. Organic Selenium Cleared by FDA on Sept 3, 2003
Source will be yeast raised on high selenium enriched base (selenomethionine)
20-40% improvement in blood selenium levels
May overcome low or poor absorption of inorganic selenium (selenite/selenate forms)
Added cost will be 1 cent/mg
Replace half of the inorganic source reducing costs in half for lactating cows / all for dry cows (add 3 to 4 mg of organic selenium)

22. Buffers
Function: Maintain rumen pH at 6.2, maintain milk fat test, increase milk yield, reduce SARA
Level: 200 to 300 g per day
Cost: 6 to 9 cents per cow per day
Benefit to Cost Ratio: 5:1
Feeding Strategy: Corn silage based rations, component fed herds, high starch diets, and SARA situations
Status: Recommended

23. Biotin
Function: Improve hooves by reducing heel warts, claw lesions, white line separations, sand cracks, and sole ulcers; increase milk yield
Level: 10 to 20 mg/cow/day for 6 months to 1 year
Cost: 8 to 10 cents/cow/day
Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1
Feeding Strategy: Herds with chronic foot problems, may require supplementation for 6 months before evaluation, and company recommends beginning supplementation at 15 months of age
Status: Recommended

24. UW Trial 1 - Treatments Vitamin (mg/c/d) C B BBVit1x BBVit2x Biotin 2020 40
Thiamin
150
300
Riboflavin
Pyridoxine
120
240
B12
0.5
1.0
Niacin
3000
6000
Pantothenic acid
475
950
Folic acid
100
200

25. U of WI Trial 1 – Results Item C B BBVit1x BBVit2x SE BW, lb 1456 1461
1452
1459 9
DMI, lb/d
55.0b
56.5a
53.7b
0.9
Milk, lb/d
81.8b
85.6a
84.3ab
82.5b
1.8
a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (P<0.05).

26. Hutjens’ “Watch” List Essential oil compounds (0.5 to 1.5 g)
Direct fed microbial products (probiotics)
Feed enzymes

27. What’s New With Additives
Sodium bicarbonate fed at 0.75% DMI (higher levels as intake increases); consider free-choice (< 50 g/cow/day)
Rumen protected niacin may be more effective (85-93 destroyed by rumen microbes)
Higher levels of yeast culture may be needed with better responses top dressing the YC.
Direct fed microbial DNA finger printing
New cellulose enzymes coming

28. Take Home Messages
Six additives can provide economic returns to target herds
Rumen additives can stabilize rumen health and environment
Organic trace minerals impact health / immunity, hoof health, and reproduction (milk production indirectly)
Lameness continues to be an important culling factor.

29. SQM Polytransport Technology
Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl.
Director of Research and Tech Support QualiTech

30. Trace minerals
Why we need them?
What limits their use?
What is SQM (Polytransport)?
How does it work?
When do I need it?

31. Poll Question
When you have used organic trace minerals, where have you seen the biggest response?
Immunity
Reproduction
Hoof Health
Milk Production
Haven't used organic trace minerals

32. Trace mineral functions
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Reproduction
Immunity
Skin integrity
Growth
Hoof health
Bone structure
Skeletal formation
Nutrient metabolism
Mineral absorption
Energy metabolism

33. Mineral status of cross-bred cattle in different ovulation stages.
Relative blood serum, % B C
A,B,C P<0.01
Das et al., 2009

34. Bioavailability of mineral sources
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Feedstuffs
5-15%
1-5%
<4%
Sulfate
20% 5%
1.2%
Chloride
10%
Carbonate
---
0.15%
Oxide
12% 1%
0.25%

35. Antagonists Minerals Sulfates Fiber/Lignin Oxygen compounds Phosphates
Proteins and amino acids
Phytate
Others

36. Mineral Interactions Copper – Zinc Zinc – Copper Copper – Sulfur
Copper – Molybdenum
Copper – Iron
Copper – Manganese
Copper – Phosphorus
Copper – Cadmium
Copper – Silver
Zinc – Copper
Zinc – Sulfur
Zinc – Iron
Zinc – Calcium
Zinc – Phosphorus
Zinc – Cadmium
Manganese – Copper
Manganese – Magnesium
Manganese – Iron
Manganese – Calcium
Manganese – Phosphorus

37. Bioaccessibility of iron from soil is increased by silage fermentation
S. L. Hansen and J. W. Spears, JDS 2009

38. Bioaccessibility of iron from soil is increased by silage fermentation
S. L. Hansen and J. W. Spears, JDS 2009

39. Influence of supplemental iron on trace mineral bioavailability.
Mineral Liver Kidney Pancreas Average
Iron/-Iron, %
Zinc
Copper
Manganese NA
Unpublished data, 2010

40. Influence of high sulfate water on relative liver trace mineral levels.
Year Sulfate Copper Manganese Zinc
ppm % change from initial status------ A
(84 days) B B A
(104 days) B B B
A,B P<0.01
Wright and Patterson, 2005

41. Calculated copper absorption across various dietary sulfur and molybdenum concentrations
Dietary Sulfur Dietary Molybdenum Cu absorption Change g/kg mg/kg % %
NRC, 2001

42. What exactly is SQM™? Organic Trace Mineral
Utilizing PolyTransport™ technology
Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg
Sequestered trace mineral using electrostatic bonding

43. Polysaccharide chains surround trace mineral ions creating the PolyTransport™ technologyZn

44. Dynamics in the Rumen Rumen SQM Rumen bacteria Trace mineral Esophagus
Amino Acids
Oxalates
Proteins
Esophagus
Proteins
Phytate
Fiber
Reticulum
Phosphates
Oxalates
Phosphates
Sulfates
Proteins
Phytate
Sulfates
Amino Acids
Fiber
Omasum
Phosphates
Oxalates
Amino Acids
Fiber
SQM
Rumen bacteria
Abomasum
Trace mineral
Intestines

45. Intestinal trace mineral dynamics

46. Intestinal trace mineral dynamics

47. Hypothetical model for transcellular zinc absorption
Zip1
Zip2
Zip3
ZnT1
MT = Metallothionine
NSB = Nonspecific binding constituents
CRIP = Cysteine-rich intestinal protein
Adapted from Hempe and Cousins (1992)

48. Bioavailability Decreased antagonism Increased absorption
Decreased trace mineral excretion

49. Bioavailability of Zn
Relative bioavailability, %

50. Relative zinc bioavailability (Average tissue concentrations from 3 experiments)
152.4%
119.5%
100%
58.3%
Case and Carlson, 2002; JAS

51. Bioavailability of SQM™ (Based on liver mineral content)
Preconditioned calves
(45 days)
Brood cows
(45 days)
Engle and Burns, 2004

52. Effect of source and antagonist on mineral bioavailability in broilers
a Source effect P<0.01
Sims and Garrett, 2010

53. Influence of diet, mineral source and an antagonist on net mineral retention in broilers
Dietc
Source
Antagonist
Mineral
Corn/Soy
Purified
Inorganic
SQM
None
With SE
% of intake
Zinc
47.07
49.82
40.79a
56.10b
49.96
46.93
4.15
Copper
19.46
19.79
18.58
20.67
20.58
18.66
1.87
Manganese
37.08
46.14
41.04
42.17
41.70
41.52
2.74
a, b P<0.06
c Diets formulated for 40 ppm Zn, 20 ppm Cu, 40 ppm Mn; Inorganic diet used 100% sulfate source, SQM diet used 100% organic sources; Antagonist = cottonseed hulls.
Sims and Garrett, 2010

54. Reproduction
Herd improvement
Reduced culling
Improved performance

55. Reproductive performance of cows and heifers
Item
Control
SQM-Mn
SQM-Mn,Cu,Zn n 34 29 30
Initial wt, kg
568
537
543
Final wt, kg
552
532
539
d to 1st estrus
734
59 4
68 4
d to conception
33 4a
19 4b
24 4b
Services/conception
1.6
1.1
1.3
Pregnant at 1st service, %
45 9c
93 5d
79 8d
Conception rate, %
85.3
93.1
93.3
a,b P<0.05
c,d P<0.005
DiCostanzo et al, 1990

56. BCS by period Burns and Aznarez, 2005 c, d diff. P<0.04 c
a, b diff. P<0.04 a b e d c
c, d diff. P<0.04
c, e diff. P<0.01
Burns and Aznarez, 2005

57. SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of MinnesotaB B C
A,B,C P<0.05
Jones et al., 2000

58. SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of MinnesotaB B B
A,B P<0.02
Jones et al., 2000

59. SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of Minnesota
Jones et al., 2000

60. Immunity
Herd improvement
Reduced hoof problems
Improved performance

61. SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of Minnesota
Jones et al., 2000

62. Effect of zinc source on OVA IgG titers
c, d diff. P<0.06 c d
a, b diff. P<0.02 a b
Salyer et al., 2004; JAS

63. Effect of pre-conditioning with different mineral sources on IBR titer concentration in newly received calves
Engle and Burns, 2004

64. Effect of zinc source on hoof healthb c
a, b, c diff. P<0.05
Lower score indicates better hoof quality
Kessler et al., 2003; Live. Prod. Sci.

65. Effect of zinc source on hoof health
Before
After

66. Summary: Why use SQM™ with Polytransport Technology™ trace minerals?
Better Bioavailability to assure Delivery
to the animal for:
Best Reproduction
Optimum Hoof Quality
Immune System Response
Superior Health
Highest Performance
Better Bottom Line

67. Questions and Answers
Dr. Mike Hutjens Professor Emeritus University of Illinois
Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl.
Director of Research and Tech Support QualiTech

68. Thank you!