1. Chapter 19: Amphibians http://news.discovery.com/videos/ea rth-new-amphibians-emerge-in- colombia.html

2. Amphibians Include frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians Tetrapods: 4 muscular limb and feet with toes and fingers

3. Order Caudata Possess a tail throughout life Both pairs of legs are unspecialized Live in moist forest-floor litter Have aquatic larvae Many live in caves Lay eggs on land Spend most of their lives in water and retain caudal fins Internal fetilization

4. Salamanders Males produce a pyramidal gelatinous spermatophore that is capped with sperm and deposit it on a substrate Females pick up the sperm cap and store the sperm in a pouch called the spermatophore Eggs are fertilized as they pass through the cloaca and deposited singly, in clumps or in strings

5. Cave Salamander Found in the twilight zone of caves Endangered in KY Can climb rocks

6. Giant Salamanders The largest amphibians Can be up to 5.9 ft long Lay eggs in strings of 200 Eat insects, frogs, invertebrates http://news.discovery.c om/videos/animals- japanese-giant- salamander.html http://news.discovery.c om/videos/animals- japanese-giant- salamander.html

7. Axolotl: endangered salamander Found in Mexico Lives entire life in water so it retains its gills into adult hood

8. California Tiger Salamander Live in Northern California Eats earthworms and other invertebrates Spends most of its life on land but returns to aquatic environments to breed Endangered due to loss of habitat and non-native predation

9. Order Gymnophiona (Apoda) Caecilians Wormlike burrowers that feed on worms and other invertebrates in soil Appear segmented Retractile tentacles between their eyes and nostrils may transport chemicals from their environment to olfactory cells in the roof of the mouth Skin covers their eyes

10. Caecilians Internal fertilization Larval stages are in the oviduct where they scrape the inner lining of the oviducts with fetal teeth to feed Young emerge as miniature adults

11. Order Anura 4,000 species of frogs and toads Live in moist environments Adults lack tails and caudal vertebrae fuse into a rodlike structure called the urostyle Hindlimbs are long and muscular and end in webbed feet

12. Anurans continued Fertilization is external Eggs and larvae are usually aquatic Larval stages-tadpoles Larvae are herbivores

13. Frogs vs. Toads Frogs Smooth slimy skin 2 bulging eyes Strong, long webbed feet used for leaping and swimming Lay eggs in clusters Found on every continent except Antartica Toads Stubby bodies with short hind legs used for walking Warty and dry skin Lay eggs in long chains Found worldwide except in Australia, polar regions, Madagascar and Polynesia

14. Frogs vs. Toads FrogsToads

15. Poison Dart Frogs Live in warm humid habitats Eat small insects Poison cannot permeate through a humans skin but if it gets into the body then it is deadly

16. Strawberry Poison Dart Frog Eats arthropods Use external fertilization Care for one clutch at a time (4-6 tadpoles) Female lays eggs on a leaf and the male makes sure they stay hydrated

17. Poisonous Dart Frogs

18. Cane Toad http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/pla yer/animals/amphibians -animals/frogs-and- toads/toad_cane.html http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/pla yer/animals/amphibians -animals/frogs-and- toads/toad_cane.html Possess poisonous glands and its tadpoles are poisonous if ingested

19. Northern Leopard Frog http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/pla yer/animals/amphibians -animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_northern_le opard.html http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/pla yer/animals/amphibians -animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_northern_le opard.html

20. Misc. videos http://video.nationalgeog raphic.com/video/player/ animals/amphibians- animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_strawberrypoi sondart_tadpole.html http://video.nationalgeog raphic.com/video/player/ animals/amphibians- animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_strawberrypoi sondart_tadpole.html http://video.nationalgeog raphic.com/video/player/ animals/amphibians- animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_waterholding. html http://video.nationalgeog raphic.com/video/player/ animals/amphibians- animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_waterholding. html http://video.nationalgeog raphic.com/video/player/ animals/bugs- animals/spiders-and- scorpions/spider_fishing_ eats_frog.html http://video.nationalgeog raphic.com/video/player/ animals/bugs- animals/spiders-and- scorpions/spider_fishing_ eats_frog.html

21. Red-eyed tree frog http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/pla yer/news/animals- news/red-eyed-tree- frogs-shaking-vin.html http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/pla yer/news/animals- news/red-eyed-tree- frogs-shaking-vin.html http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/pla yer/animals/amphibians -animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_greentree_li fecycle.html http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/pla yer/animals/amphibians -animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_greentree_li fecycle.html

22. Support and movement Water buoys and supports aquatic animals Skeletons protect internal organs and provide attachments for muscles and keep the body from collapsing during movement Have powerful muscles to propel themselves across land Skull is flattened and light so it can support itself out of water Vertebral column provides support and flexibility Zygapophyses prevent twisting

23. Support and movement cont Salamanders uses undulating movements Ceacilians uses accordion like movements Long hindlimbs of frogs and toads are modified for jumping

24. Locomotion http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/pl ayer/news/animals-news/frog-muscle- study.html http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/pl ayer/news/animals-news/frog-muscle- study.html

25. External structure Skin lacks a covering of scales, feathers or hair Highly glandular Secretions aid in protection Glands keep skin moist Produce sticky secretions that help a male cling to a female during mating and produce toxic chemicals that discourage potential predators

26. External structure Possess glandular secretions that are toxic to varying degrees Chemicals are secreted when the amphibian experiences stress Chromatophores are specializes cells that are responsible for skin color and color changes

27. Nutrition and digestion Carnivores Bullfrog: preys on small mammals, birds and other anurans Main factors that determine diets are availability and prey size Salamanders: use jaws to capture prey

28. Nutrition and Digestion Use tongues to capture prey http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/pla yer/animals/amphibians -animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_bull.html http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/pla yer/animals/amphibians -animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_bull.html

29. Circulation Separation of pulmonary and systemic circuits When submerged blood is highly oxygenated. BV to the lungs constrict, reduce blood flow to the lungs and conserve energy

30. Gas Exchange When submerged it takes place across the skin Skin is moist and has a lot of capillary beds Cutaneous respiration: exchange across the skin Buccopharyngeal respiration: exchange across moist surfaces

31. Gas Exchange Most amphibians possess lungs Lungs of anurans are subdivided increasing surface area Buccal pump: muscles of the mouth and pharynx create a positive pressure to force air into the lungs Increase in temp, increase in activity, increase in lung activity Larvae use gills

32. Temperature Regulation Ectothermic When submerged, they are the same temp as the water but on land they can be different temps than their environment Many are nocturnal Critical temperatures – Salamanders: -2 to 27 degrees Celsius – Anurans: 3-41 degrees Celsius

33. Nervous and Sensory Functions Forebrain: regions that regulate color change Midbrain: visual sensory information and motor responses Hindbrain: motor coordination, regulates heart rate and respiration

34. Nervous and Sensory Functions Sensory receptors on skin Lateral line: responds to low frequency vibrations in the water Most important sense is vision Nicitating membranes: movable eyelids Tympanic membranes Middle ear Inner ear Semicircular canals

35. Excretion and Osmoregulation Kidneys – Water: produce large amounts of urea Freshwater: ammonia Land: urea Must conserve water on land Skin absorbs water

36. Reproduction, Development and Metamorphosis External fertilization Amplexus: male releases sperm as female release eggs – Can last 1-24 hours

37. Reproduction http://video.nationalgeog raphic.com/video/player/ animals/amphibians- animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_mudpuddlem ate.html http://video.nationalgeog raphic.com/video/player/ animals/amphibians- animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_mudpuddlem ate.html http://video.nationalgeog raphic.com/video/player/ animals/amphibians- animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_tadpole_devel opment.html http://video.nationalgeog raphic.com/video/player/ animals/amphibians- animals/frogs-and- toads/frog_tadpole_devel opment.html

38. Vocalization Used to attract mates https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=PY61G2hX hXI https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=PY61G2hX hXI

39. Parental Care http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/fro g_strawberrypoisondart _tadpole http://video.nationalge ographic.com/video/fro g_strawberrypoisondart _tadpole https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=LFTMgaZy VSA https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=LFTMgaZy VSA

40. Metamorphosis https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=jR0EPHyo 128 https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=jR0EPHyo 128