1. NTK: vocabulary Anatomical position

2. metabolism prompt Many people think that if someone had a high metabolism then they would be fit, athletic, healthy… This is not necessarily true! It’s more likely that the person would be skinny or thin. BUT skinny/thin does not equal healthy! IF a person with a high metabolism eats only cake and water for every meal they may be thin but that does not mean they are healthy.

3. Also, a high metabolism person who eats a large quantity of cake and water may indeed be over weight because they put more calories in then they can burn. In our society having a high metabolism is considered better because being thin, not healthy, is glorified by the media. It is an assumption that thin always = healthy

4. A slow metabolism can be beneficial depending on the food supply & amount of physical labor. Evolutionarily speaking having a slow metabolism allowed for survival during times when the abundance of food fluctuated and looking for food took time. This still holds true for many parts of the world where food is not as abundant.

5. This diagram depicts the interconnectedness of your organs. They all have to function to keep you alive…except… NOTE: that these organs work on a cellular level and all disease is cellular.

6. Homeostasis Physiological process that monitors & maintains a stable internal environment (equilibrium) – Ex: Temperature range Oxygen levels Adequate nutrients Survival depends on the body to maintain homeostasis – Homeostatic Regulation: adjustments made in the human organism to maintain equilibrium.

7. Negative feedback loops: – opposes the stimulus – Becomes too hot- action is to cool down OR too cold & shiver to warm up. – Used to regulate body physiology (not just temperature) – Ex: home central heat/air

8. Blood glucose

9. Positive Feedback loops: – Increases the stimulus – “vicious cycle” – Not a way to regulate b/c drives body away form balance – Sometimes it IS necessary… Ex: Child birth Contractions continue to increase in strength until baby is born

10. Levels of Oxytocin during labor

11. Homeostasis lab

12. 2 What are the changes you observed in body color and perspiration level in response to? As the body moves it creates heat. Skin color turns pinkish due to increased blood flow to the skin to release heat & cool the body internally. Perspiration increases & then evaporates which cools the surface of the body.

13. 2 Explain how these changes contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis? The core body temperature needs to remain stable at 98.6 degrees. As the body temperature increases due to work these two cooling mechanisms kick in to make sure the temperature stays in balance.

14. 3 Was there a change in body temperature? There was only a slight increase in body temperature and then a return to the resting temperature. – Did you find this change surprising? Why or why not? – Most people find this surprising, many of you asked me if you were doing it right – The perception is that you are getting hotter but your core temp stays about the same. What does increase is your surface temperature so your nerves feel this increase in surface temperature.

15. 3 What mechanisms does the body use to maintain its homeostatic temperature? Sweating which evaporates & cools the skins surface. Dilation of the capillaries at the skin’s surface…bring more hot blood which releases heat at the surface & then returns cooler to the core where it picks up more heat 7 returns to the surface to cool.

16. 4 Explain to the best of your knowledge, why does an increase in heart rate and breathing rate accompany exercise? The muscle cells need oxygen to convert macromolecules (typically glucose) into cellular energy (ATP) through cellular respiration to work. Breathing increases to increase oxygen intake. Blood flow also needs to increase to get the oxygen where it is needed (and carbon dioxide out), thus the heart beats faster.

17. TTBOYK Explain the results you obtained for diastolic (lower number) and systolic (higher number) blood pressure. As the heart pumps faster to circulate the blood the systolic pressure in the blood vessels increases. Systolic pressure is when the heart is contracting (blood is forced through arteries). Diastolic does not change much as it is the resting moment of the heart beat & thus the pressure should remain pretty stable.

18. Is this lab an example of positive or negative feedback or both? NEGATIVE!!! All of it is negative. Stimulus (work/exercise) occurs which unbalances your body. Work requires energy which is manufactured from food in your cells. This process requires OXYGEN. So, breathing increases to bring in oxygen & get rid of Carbon Dioxide. Heart rate increases to transport the O2 in and the CO2 out. If there was not enough oxygen the body would collapse. Heat is created due to friction of the muscles. This could cause the body to over heat. The We can observe how the body maintains the temperature by counteracting the heat by perspiration and increased blood flow to the skin, thus maintaining the average body temperature. 98 degrees Fahrenheit or about 37 degrees Celsius