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Chapter 6 Integumentary System

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1 Chapter 6 Integumentary System
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 6 Integumentary System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2 6.1: Introduction Two or more kinds of tissues grouped together and performing specialized functions constitutes an organ. The skin and its various structures make up the integumentary system.

3 6.2: Skin and Its Tissues Composed of several tissue types
Maintains homeostasis Protective covering Retards water loss Regulates body temperature Houses sensory receptors Contains immune system cells Synthesizes chemicals Excretes small amounts of wastes

4 Skin Cells Help produce Vitamin D needed for normal bone and tooth development Some cells (keratinocytes) produce substances that simulate development of some white blood cells

5 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Layers of Skin (3) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous layer AKA hypodermis Beneath dermis Some also call it the superficial fascia Some consider it not part of the skin Stratified squamous epithelium Dense irregular connective tissue Adipose tissue © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

6 Epidermis Lacks blood vessels Keratinized
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lacks blood vessels (a) Hair shaft Epidermis Hair follicle (b) Sebaceous gland Dermis Sweat Sweat gland pore Capillary Stratum corneum Stratum basale Dermal papilla Arrector pili muscle Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Basement membrane Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer Sweat gland duct Subcutaneous layer T Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Keratinized Thickest on palms and soles ( mm) Melanocytes provide melanin Rests on basement membrane Stratified squamous epithelium b: © Victor Eroschenko

7 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis: Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

8 Epidermis Heredity and environment determine skin color
Genetic Factors Varying amounts of melanin Varying size of melanin granules Albinos lack melanin Physiological Factors Dilation of dermal blood vessels Constriction of dermal blood vessels Accumulation of carotene Jaundice Environmental Factors Sunlight UV light from sunlamps X-rays Darkens melanin

9 Dermis On average 1.0-2.0mm thick Contains dermal papillae
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Binds epidermis to underlying tissues Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Sweat Stratum corneum Epidermis Stratum basale Irregular dense connective tissue Capillary Dermal papilla Basement membrane Muscle cells T actile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Dermis Sebaceous gland Arrector pili muscle Nerve cell processes Specialized sensory receptors Sweat gland duct Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Hair follicle SubcutaneousSubcutaneous layer Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Blood vessels Muscle layer (a) Hair follicles Glands

10 Dermis There are actually two (2) layers to the dermis:
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Papillary layer Thin Superficial Dermal papillae found here Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Sweat Stratum corneum Epidermis Stratum basale Capillary Dermal papilla Basement membrane T actile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Dermis Sebaceous gland Arrector pili muscle Reticular layer 80% of dermis Cleavage, tension or Langer’s lines are here Sweat gland duct Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Hair follicle Subcutaneous layer Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer

11 Cleavage (Langer’s) Lines

12 Subcutaneous Layer AKA hypodermis Loose connective tissue and …
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Loose connective tissue and … Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Sweat Stratum corneum Epidermis Stratum basale Capillary Adipose tissue is present Dermal papilla Basement membrane T actile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Dermis Sebaceous gland Arrector pili muscle Sweat gland duct Insulates Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Hair follicle Subcutaneous layer Sweat gland Nerve cell process Major blood vessels present Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer

13 6.3: Accessory Structures of the Skin
Accessory structures of the skin originate from the epidermis and include: Hair follicles Nails Skin glands

14 Hair Follicles Epidermal cells Tube-like depression
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epidermal cells Tube-like depression Hair shaft Pore Extends into dermis Three (3) parts: Hair root Sebaceous gland Hair shaft Arrector pili muscle Hair papilla Hair root (keratinized cells) Hair follicle Dead epidermal cells Eccrine sweat gland Region of cell division Melanin Hair papilla Arrector pili muscle DermalDermal blood vessels (a)

15 Nails Protective coverings Three (3) parts: Nail plate Nail bed Lunula
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Protective coverings Lunula Nail bed Nail plate Three (3) parts: Nail plate Nail bed Lunula

16 Sebaceous Glands Usually associated with hair follicles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Usually associated with hair follicles Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Holocrine glands Secrete sebum (oil) Hair Absent on palms and soles © Per H. Kjeldsen

17 Sweat Glands Aka sudoriferous glands Widespread in skin
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Aka sudoriferous glands Widespread in skin Hair shaft Pore Originates in deeper dermis or hypodermis Dermal papilla Sebaceous gland Eccrine glands Duct Hair follicle Apocrine glands Eccrine sweat gland Ceruminous glands Apocrine sweat gland Mammary glands

18 6.4: Regulation of Body Temperature
Regulation of body temperature is vitally important because even slight shifts can disrupt metabolic reactions. How does this happen?

19 Regulation of Body Temperature
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center Hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Dermal blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Dermal blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Effectors Dermal blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Control center Hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily.

20 Heat Production and Loss
Heat is a product of cellular metabolism The most active body cells are the heat producers and include: Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Cells of certain glands such as the liver The primary means of heat loss is radiation Also there is conduction, convection and evaporation

21 Problems in Temperature Regulation
Hyperthermia – abnormally high body temperature (Heat stress and heat stroke) Hypothermia – abnormally low body temperature (frostbite)

22 6.5: Healing of Wounds and Burns
Inflammation is a normal response to injury or stress. Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues. Inflamed skin may become: Reddened Swollen Warm Painful

23 Healing of Cuts Site of injury Blood cells (a) (b) Scab Blood clot (c)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Site of injury Blood cells (a) (b) Scab Blood clot (c) (d) (e) Scab Scar tissue Scar tissue Fibroblasts (f) (g)

24 Types of Burns First degree burn – superficial, partial-thickness
Second degree burn – deep, partial-thickness Third degree burn – full-thickness Autograft Homograft Various skin substitutes

25 Rule of Nines for Adults
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior head and neck 41/2% 41/2% Anterior and posterior head and neck 9% 41/2% Posterior head and neck 41/2% Anterior trunk 18% Anterior and posterior upper extremities 18% Posterior trunk 18% Anterior upper extremities 9% Anterior and posterior trunk 36% Posterior upper extremities 9% 41/2% 41/2% 41/2% 41/2% Perineum 1% 9% 9% 9% 9% Anterior lower extremities 18% Anterior and posterior lower extremities 36% Posterior lower extremities 18% 100%

26 Animation: Thymine Dimers Formation and Repair
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27 6.6: Lifespan Changes Skin becomes scaly Age spots appear
Epidermis thins Dermis becomes reduced Loss of fat Wrinkling Sagging Sebaceous glands secrete less oil Melanin production slows Hair thins Number of hair follicles decreases Nail growth becomes impaired Sensory receptors decline Body temperature unable to be controlled Diminished ability to activate Vitamin D

28 Important Points in Chapter 6: Outcomes to be Assessed
6.1: Introduction Define organ, and name the large organ of the integumentary system. 6.2: Skin and Its Tissues List the general functions of the skin. Describe the structure of the layers of skin. Summarize the factors that determine skin color. 6.3: Accessory Structures of the Skin Describe the accessory structures associated with the skin. Explain the functions of each accessory structure of the skin.

29 Important Points in Chapter 6: Outcomes to be Assessed
6.4: Regulation of Body Temperature Explain how the skin helps regulate body temperature. 6.5: Healing of Wounds and Burns Describe the events that are part of wound healing. Distinguish among the types of burns, including a description of healing with each type. 6.6: Lifespan Changes Summarize lifespan changes in the integumentary system.

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