1. Skin and the Integumentary System
Chapter 6
Skin and the Integumentary System

2.  Types of Membranes A. Serous membranes
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 Types of Membranes
A. Serous membranes
1. Line thorax and abdomen and cover organs within cavities.
2. Epithelium and loose connective tissue
3. Secrete serous fluid

3. 1. Line cavities and openings that lead to the outside of the body
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B. Mucous membranes
1. Line cavities and openings that lead to the outside of the body
a. Oral and nasal cavities
b. Openings of the digestive reproductive, respiratory, and urinary
systems.
2. Epithelium and connective tissue with specialized cells
3. Secrete mucus

4. 1. Line the joint cavities.
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C. Synovial membranes
1. Line the joint cavities.
2. Connective tissues and secrete lubricating synovial fluid.
D. Cutaneous membranes
1. Skin

5. A. The skin is the largest organ
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 Skin and Its Tissues
A. The skin is the largest organ
B. Responsible for:
1. Maintaining homeostasis through temp. regulation
2. Protects underlying tissues
3. Prevents water loss
4. Houses sensory receptors
5. Synthesizes chemicals
6. Excretes wastes

6. C. Layers 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Subcutaneous layer
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C. Layers
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous layer

7. a. Stratified squamous epithelium b. Lacks blood vessels
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1. Epidermis
a. Stratified squamous epithelium
b. Lacks blood vessels
c. Reproducing cells in the stratum
basale at the base of the epidermis
contains dermal blood vessels.

8. d. Keratinization – dead cells push to the surface and harden
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d. Keratinization – dead cells push to the surface and harden
e. Layers
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Basement membrane

10. f. Function g. Melanocytes
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f. Function
1. Protects against water loss, injury, chemicals, and microorganisms.
g. Melanocytes
1. Deep in the epidermis and underlying dermis
2. Pigment, melanin protects deeper cells ultraviolet rays.
3. Pass melanin to nearby cells by cytocrine secretion.

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h. Skin Color
1. Genetic differences result from differing amounts of melanin and the size of melanin granules
2. Sunlight causes darkening of skin as melanin production increases

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2. Dermis
a. Binds epidermis to underlying tissues b. Connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers within a gel-like ground substance.
c. Blood vessels carry nutrients to upper layers of skin and help regulate temperature.
d. Contains nerve fibers, sensory fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

14. 3. Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)
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3. Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)
a. Loose connective tissue and insulating adipose tissue.
b. Binds skin to underlying organs and contains blood vessels.

15. 1. Hair Follicles Accessory Organs of the Skin
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Accessory Organs of the Skin
1. Hair Follicles
a. Nearly all regions of the skin.
b. Individual hairs develop at the base of the hair follicle when the lower epidermis dips down into the dermis.
c. Keratinization forms the hair shaft.

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17. Attach to each hair follicle. Cause goose bumps. e. Hair color
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d. Arrector pili muscle
Attach to each hair follicle.
Cause goose bumps.
e. Hair color
1. Melanin from melanocytes is responsible for most hair colors
2. Red hair contains the pigment, trichosiderin.

18. 2. Sebaceous Glands (holocrine glands)
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2. Sebaceous Glands (holocrine glands)
Associated with hair follicles
Secrete sebum to waterproof and moisturize hair shafts.

19. 3. Nails a. Protective coverings on ends of fingers and toes.
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3. Nails
a. Protective coverings on ends of fingers and toes.
Consist of stratified squamous epithelial cells
Lunula - most actively growing region of the nail root.
c. Keratinization

21. 4. Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous glands)
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4. Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous glands)
Eccrine respond to body temperature
Apocrine respond to body temperature, stress, and sexual arousal.
c. Ceruminous glands secrete wax in the ear canal.
d. Mammary glands secrete milk.

22.  Regulation of Body Temperature
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 Regulation of Body Temperature
A. Vital to maintaining metabolic reactions.
B. Hypothalamus controls regulation.
C. Active cells, such as those of the heart and skeletal muscle, produce heat.
D. Excessive heat - dilation of dermal blood vessels and sweating.
E. Excessive cooling - constricting dermal blood vessels, inactivating sweat glands, and shivering.

24.  Healing of Wounds and Burns
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 Healing of Wounds and Burns
Inflammation - blood vessels dilate and become permeable
Cause tissues to become red and swollen
Superficial cuts are filled in by reproducing epithelial cells.
Deeper cuts are closed off by clots, covered by scabs, and eventually filled in by fibroblasts.
1. Blood vessels extend into the area, injured tissues are replaced, and the scab falls off

25. Burns First Degree Epidermis only Second Degree Epidermis and dermis
Third Degree
Destroys epidermis, dermis, and accessory organs

26. Common Skin Disorders

27. Acne Vulgaris
These include blackheads, whiteheads (comedones), the larger papules (pimples) and later, pustules and large cysts.

28. Birthmarks
Hemangioma – many blood vessels in one area

29. Skin Cancer From Epithelial cells Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
From Melanocytes
Cutaneous melanomas

30. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

31. Basal Cell Carcinoma

32. Malignant Melanoma

33. Uncommon Skin Disorders

34. Blue Man http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/22534645#22534645

35. Hypertrichosis Werewolf Disease

36. Harlequin Ichthyosis

37. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Stretchy skin syndrome

38. Tree man