2. Coping with Job Insecurity: A Longitudinal Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) Study PhD Candidate: Ina Lempereur First Promoter: Profs. Dr. Hans De Witte Second Promoter: Profs. Dr. Jan de Mol Coping with Job Insecurity1

3. Structure of Presentation  What?  How?  Why?  Discussion, ideas, thoughts ….. Coping with Job Insecurity2

4. What? Coping with Job Insecurity3

5. My PhD is an in-Depth Exploration of the experience of job insecurity among commercial airline pilots. The research question that I aim to answer through this study is: How do commercial airline pilots experience job insecurity and how do they cope with this insecurity? Coping with Job Insecurity4

6. A Paradigm Shift since the 80’s From job security … the perceived belief that one’s job is safe, secure, and perhaps even guaranteed for life. To job insecurity … fear of losing one’s job and/or the fear of loss of some aspects of the job. Coping with Job Insecurity5

7. Definition of JI Job insecurity is essentially a perceptual phenomenon that occurs within a complex employment environment (Greenhalgh & Rosenblatt, 1984; Jacobson, 1991). Coping with Job Insecurity6

8. The Job Insecurity Experience Objective work situation Subjective perception of the situation Specific individual’s life situation Personal characteristics Appraisal of the complex situation Coping behaviour used through this experience Coping with Job Insecurity Ingredients: 7

9. Secure Employment Job insecurityJob Loss Job insecurity lies somewhere between full secure employment and job loss (McLaren, 2001; De Witte, 2005). Coping with Job Insecurity8

10. The Documented Effects The Documented Effects of Job Insecurity  High anxiety & depression levels  sleeping problems  distress  effects also tend to transfer to the non-work setting  attitudinal changes at work such as dissatisfaction with the present job and the propensity to leave it voluntarily (Hellgren, Sverke, & Isaksson, 1999)  more stressful than job loss itself (De Witte, 1999; Hartley, Jacobson, Klandermans, & van Vuuren, 1991; Dekker & Schaufeli, 1995) Coping with Job Insecurity9

11. More Documented Effects ….  marked by periods of worry, anger, anxiety, fear, blaming, apathy (Bartrum, 2006)  hostility (Greenglass & Burke, 2000)  psychological withdrawal behaviours similar to the grieving process (Katcher, 1978; Strange, 1977; Greenhalgh, 1979; in Greenhalgh & Rosenblatt, 1984). Coping with Job Insecurity10

12. … and more effects!!  In the short term, responses to the stress of job insecurity could be emotional (anxiety, tension, dissatisfaction), physiological (elevated health rate, increased catecholamine secretion) and behavioral (drug use, absenteeism, lack of concentration);  In the longer term, the accumulation of these responses could result in adverse consequences for physical health (Heaney & colleagues, 1994, p. 1432) Coping with Job Insecurity11

13. How? Coping with Job Insecurity12

14. My PhD: Three related but independent studies  Qualitative  Longitudinal  Using investigator triangulation Coping with Job Insecurity13

15. IPA Interpretative phenomenological analysis: IPA, developed by Jonathan Smith, Professor of Psychology, Birkbeck University of London, is an experiential qualitative approach to research in psychology and the human, health and social sciences. Coping with Job Insecurity14

16. IPA informed by three philosophical concepts: 1.Phenomenology 2.Hermeneutics 3.Idiography Suggested Text: Smith, J.A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Theory, Method, and Research. USA: Sage. Coping with Job Insecurity15

17. A Longitudinal Study Persons need to be seen over time within the framework of their life stories :  What is important or unimportant in their lives;  Ways of thinking about themselves and the world;  Changes and transitions that threaten existing psychological structures; and  Patterns of coping with problems of living. Coping with Job Insecurity16

18. Study 1: Investigator Triangulation  The main researcher will conduct a semi-structured interview with one participant, transcribe the interview verbatim and analyse the interview;  A second researcher will use the same interview guide to conduct another semi-structured interview with another participant, transcribe the interview verbatim and analyze the interview; the second researcher will be completely ‘naive’ to airline crews thus decreasing the possibility of bias;  The promoter and the co-promoter will, individually, re- analyze both interviews;  The main researcher will analyze the whole work. Coping with Job Insecurity17

19. Why? Coping with Job Insecurity18

20. I choose to conduct a qualitative study as: Most effort in job insecurity research has been directed towards consequences and relatively less attention given to work on construct conceptualization …. (Mauno & Kinnunen, 2002) Coping with Job Insecurity My PhD in context of existing literature 19

21. I choose to explore both negative and positive effects of JI as …. Any possible positive aspect of job insecurity has not received much attention … (Bartrum, 2006) Coping with Job Insecurity My PhD in context 20

22. My PhD in context I choose to do research with commercial airline pilots as my sample as: This area of research in aviation psychology remains relatively unexplored within the active pilot population. 21Coping with Job Insecurity

23. And yet pilots are not unfamiliar to job insecurity experiences especially when one considers:  The present vulnerability of the airline industry  The rigorous proficiency, physical and psychological regular checks Coping with Job Insecurity22

24. Pilot Evaluation Events are an ongoing process  Recurrent checks: proficiency and medical  Monitored performance: operational management, fellow crewmembers, & on-board monitoring computer  Subject to random blood and/or urine checks before- after operating a flight  Airline industry encourages use of formal or confidential self-reporting system to report any behaviour that can jeopardize flight safety  Regulatory authorities impose on all pilots to self- assess one’s physical and mental condition before operating a flight. 23Coping with Job Insecurity

25. Safety as the goal of the Evaluation System The fact that universally all pilots are regularly evaluated according to international standards is meant to ensure that no matter the age, gender, race, nationality, or airline, commercial airline pilots are in good health and qualified to do their job. And yet …. 24Coping with Job Insecurity

26. When evaluation is placed in the context of a pilot’s life, its consequences may be substantial...every time pilots are put to test they risk failure and thus possible temporary or permanent loss of license. Loss of license may mean loss of job, loss of income, and also possible loss of professional status and the right to ever practice their profession. 25Coping with Job Insecurity

27. Being a commercial airline pilot is the most stressful job in America this year…  Limited control over events  Depend heavily on other professionals  Experience big swings in stress  Profession affected by the economy with layoffs, high oil prices, and cost cutting in the airline industry threatening pay raises and job prospects. Reference: CareerCast.com Coping with Job Insecurity26

28. Discussion, ideas, thoughts …… Coping with Job Insecurity27