1. Topic 3 Pages 197- 211

2.  Let’s list some that you have already used today! ◦ Shampoo and soap ◦ Orange juice ◦ Milk ◦ Water

3.  pH value of less than 7  Taste sour  React with certain metals to produce H 2(g)  React with bases to form salts and water

4.  Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): ◦ Very strong, found in your stomach  Sulfuric Acid: ◦ In car batteries, paints, dyes, refining oil and gas  Phosphoric Acid: ◦ Fertilizers, detergents, pharmaceuticals, flavouring

5.  pH value of more than 7  Taste bitter  Slippery feel  React with acids to form salts and water

6.  Sodium hydroxide: ◦ In household cleaners  Aluminum hydroxide: ◦ Key ingredient in antacids

7.  We use INDICATORS: ◦ A substance that tells us if a solution is an acid or a base  Litmus paper: ◦ Blue litmus paper:  Stay BLUE in a BASE  Turns RED in an ACID ◦ Red litmus paper:  Turns BLUE in a BASE  Stays RED in an ACID

8.  The strength or concentration of an acid or base determines the extent to which it reacts with water ◦ Reaction changes the electrical conductivity of the water  pH Scale: ◦ Way of comparing the relative acidity or alkalinity of a substance

10.  Rain or snow containing acid compounds from the air. ◦ pH less than 3!  Causes: sulfur, nitrogen and carbon oxides with moisture in the air ◦ Ex: SO x, NO x, CO 2 + H 2 O  Acid compounds are washed out of the air by rain and snow and may be deposited a long way from the source of the oxides.

11.  Damages: ◦ Aquatic ecosystems in lakes and streams ◦ Harms vegetation ◦ Decay of buildings, structures, monuments

12.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ms4v0Ek vyuw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ms4v0Ek vyuw

13.  Acid precipitation causes about $1 billion in damage each year!

14.  Destruction of architecture  Fewer jobs  Less profits  Expensive maintenance and repairs to buildings, bridges and machinery

15.  Liming: ◦ Add CaCO 3 (calcium carbonate) to environment to neutralize acid ◦ Acid + base  neutralization  Scrubbers: ◦ Removes sulfur dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels

16.  1996  Between USA and Canada ◦ Agreed to reduce industrial exhaust emissions by 10% by 2000. ◦ Emissions from cars built before 1998 were to be reduced by 60%.

17.  Topic 3 booklet questions- due tomorrow!

18.  Materials: ◦ Purple cabbage ◦ 250ml beaker ◦ Tap water ◦ Hot plate ◦ 1 Sheet white paper  In groups, boil water and cabbage (the darker the better). Soak TEN strips of white paper in the cabbage juice, remove and let dry. Remove the cabbage from the beaker. Label your beaker and strips. You’ll use these as indicators tomorrow in the lab.