1. neutron (no charge) Hydrogen 1 Proton 1 Electron Oxygen 8 Protons 8 Neutrons 8 Electrons a. b. proton (positive charge) electron (negative charge) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

2. Carbon-12Carbon-13Carbon-14 6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Electrons 6 Protons 7 Neutrons 6 Electrons 6 Protons 8 Neutrons 6 Electrons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2

3. x y z One spherical orbital (1s) a. One spherical orbital (2s) b. c. x z y Neon Electron Shell DiagramCorresponding Electron Orbital Energy Level K Corresponding Electron Orbitals Electron Shell Diagram Electron Orbitals Three dumbbell-shaped orbitals (2p) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Energy level L 3

4. N M L K K L M N absorbed Energy Nucleus Energy released Nucleus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4

5. 1 H 3 Li 4 Be 19 K 12 Mg 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 42 Mo 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 21 Sc 40 Zr 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 36 Kr 5 B 6 C 8 O 2 He 55 Cs 56 Ba 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 57 La 89 Ac 104105106107108109 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U (Lanthanide series) (Actinide series) 11 Na 20 Ca 41 Nb 43 Tu 44 Ru 26 Fe 13 Al 31 Ga 32 Ge 14 Si 7 N 15 P 33 As 16 S 35 Br 34 Se 9 F 18 Ar 10 Ne 17 Cl 110 RfOb SgBh Hs MtDs 111112113114115116117 UuuUub UutUuq Uup Uuh 118 Key 1 H Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Calcium (Ca) Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Mg Fe S K P Ca Cl Na N H C a.b. O Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Iron (Fe) Magnesium (Mg) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. atomic number chemical symbol 5

6. Helium K K L 2+ 7+ NonreactiveReactive 2 protons 2 neutrons 2 electrons 7 protons 7 neutrons 7 electrons Nitrogen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 6

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8. Sodium atom Cl Chlorine atom a. Sodium ion (+) Cl – Chloride ion (–) b. NaCl crystal Cl – Na + Na Na + 8

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. NN N2N2 N N HH O2O2 OO H2H2 OO Single covalent bond Hydrogen gas covalent bond Double covalent bond oxygen gas Triple covalent bond Nitrogen gas H H 9

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12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  + +  – – + + 104.5 a.b. c. Bohr Model Space-Filling Model 8p Ball-and-Stick Model 8n  – –  + +  + +  + +  – –  – –  + +  + +  – – 12

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  + + a. b. Water molecule Hydrogen atom  – – Hydrogen bond Oxygen atom Hydrogen atom Hydrogen bond  + +  – – An organic molecule Oxygen atom 13

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17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hydration shells Water molecules Salt crystal Cl – Na + Cl – ++ ++ ++ ++ ++  – –  – –  – –  – –  – – Na + 17

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10 –1 Acidic Basic 10 –2 10 –3 10 –4 10 –5 10 –6 Urine 10 –7 10 –8 10 –9 Baking soda 10 –10 10 –11 Household ammonia 10 –12 10 –13 10 –14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hydrogen Ion Concentration [H + ] pH ValueExamples of Solutions 10 0 Hydrochloric acid Stomach acid, lemon juice Vinegar, cola, beer Tomatoes Black coffee Pure water Seawater Great Salt Lake Household bleach Sodium hydroxide 18

19. 1X03X4X5X2X pH 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Amount of base added Buffering range Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. + Bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 – ) + + + – + Water (H 2 O) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) Hydrogen ion (H + ) 20