1. CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life BIO 121

2. Chemistry is relevant… (even if we don’t like it)

3. Understanding biology is impossible without an introduction to chemistry.

4. Learning Outcomes Explain the chemical nature of biological molecules Identify the primary elements in living organisms Describe the structure of atoms Compare and contrast the different types of bonds Differentiate between atoms, molecules, and compounds

5. Learning Outcomes Explain how the structure of water affects its chemical properties Explain how acids and bases affect pH Explain how monomers are used to form polymers Compare and contrast the structure and function of the four classes of biological molecules

6. 2.1 Atoms Make Up All Matter Matter – Takes up space Energy – Ability to do work

7. Matter Elements All people (and things) are made up of matter

8. Everything is made up of matter… Matter? What’s the matter wit you? – Anything that takes up space and has mass Many different forms of matter: – Rocks – Metals – Oils – Gases

9. 2.1 Atoms Make Up All Matter A. Elements Are Fundamental Types of Matter – Element cannot be broken down – Periodic table – Bulk elements 25 elements essential to life Minerals Trace elements

10. Figure 2.2 The Periodic Table of Elements. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H 1 3 11 K 19 37 55 87 4 12 20 38 56 88 21 Y 39 La 57 Ac 89 Ti 22 Zr 40 Hf 72 Rf 104 V 23 Nb 41 Ta 73 Db 105 Cr 24 Mo 42 W 74 Sg 106 Mn 25 Tc 43 Re 75 Bh 107 Fe 26 Ru 44 Os 76 Hs 108 Co 27 Rh 45 Ir 77 Mt 109 Ni 28 Pd 46 Pt 78 Ds 110 Cu 29 Ag 47 Au 79 Rg 111 Zn 30 Cd 48 Hg 80 UubUutUuqUupUuh 112113114115116 B 5 AI 13 Ga 31 In 49 Tl 81 C 6 Si 14 Ge 32 Sn 50 Pb 82 N 7 P 15 As 33 Sb 51 Bi 83 O 8 S 16 Se 34 Te 52 Po 84 F 9 Cl 17 Br 35 I 53 At 85 He 2 Ne 10 Ar 18 Kr 36 Xe 54 Rn 86 Bulk elements Trace elements Possibly essential trace elements Li Na Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Basic ingredients for all things

11. Elements Fundamental substance Can’t be broken down into a simpler substance Examples include – Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Calcium, Gold, Iron, Silver Image Source:http://education.jlab.org/qa/pen_number.html

12. Elements essential for life: Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Sodium Chlorine Magnesium 96% of living matter

13. 2.1 Atoms Make Up All Matter B. Atoms Are Particles of Elements – Atom Protons – Atomic number Neutrons Electrons

14. Atoms Smallest unit of matter that still retains all the properties of an element Made up of protons (+), neutrons and electrons (-). Neutrons and Protons form atomic nucleus (dense core) Electrons form a cloud around the nucleus moving at nearly the speed of light Image Source: http://www.hk-phy.org/articles/laser/laser_e.html

15. Figure 2.3 Atom Anatomy. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Electron (e  ) Nucleus 6 protons (p) 6 neutrons (n) 6 total

16. 2.1 Atoms Make Up All Matter C. Isotopes Have Different Numbers of Neutrons – Mass number Protons plus neutrons – Isotope 12 C 13 C 14 C Radioactive C Carbon Atomic number Element Symbol Atomic mass 6 12.0112 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17. Question The mass number tells us A.The number of protons only B.The number of electrons only C.The number of protons and electrons D.The number of protons and neutrons