1. The Impact of Nearby Structures and Trees on Sigma Theta Measurements Tom Bellinger Illinois Dept of Nuclear Safety 1035 Outer Park Drive Springfield IL 62704 bellinger@idns.state.il.us

2. Why did I do this study? Determine if nearby trees were impacting the lower level wind data particularly at Zion Visualize the extent of any tower shadow on the wind direction sensor Visualize the extent of crossarm sensor shadow on the wind direction sensor

3. CROSSARM SENSOR SHADOW TOWER SHADOW WD WS

4. Obtaining Average Sigma Thetas Zion (7/1990-12/2001) Dresden, Braidwood, LaSalle (12/1998-12/2001) 15 minute averages were used Averaged by tower level Averaged by 36 meteorological sectors (Winds from 0°-10°, 10°-20°, etc.) Sigma thetas with wind speeds less than 2.2 m/s (~5mph) were omitted

5. Illinois Nuclear Plant Locations Zion Braidwood Dresden LaSalle Chicago Lake Michigan

6. ZION MET TOWER

7. ZION

8. ZIONTREES

10. FROM ZION MET TOWER LOOKING SOUTH-SOUTHEAST

11. FROM ZION MET TOWER LOOKING SOUTH

12. LOOKING NORTH-NORTHEAST TO ZION MET TOWER

13. LOOKING NORTH TO ZION MET TOWER

14. ZION146° 168° CROSSARMSHADOW FROM 305° TOWERSHADOW FROM 10-30°

15. TREES PLANTCATS

16. ZIONTREES Inaccurate plume spread due to trees Morelikelyplumespread

17. MET TOWER 187 FEET HIGH 120 FEET HIGH ZION

18. ZION 10.7 CONTAINMENT HEIGHTS ~2000ft FROM PLANT

19. FROM LAKEFROM LAND TSPLANTCA

21. WIND SPEEDS +3.6 M/S

24. ZION More likely plume spread due to building wake effects Plume spread without building wake effects

25. ZION Actual plume with building wake effect Model may add more building wake effect

26. ZION Plume spread for offshore winds More likely plume spread for offshore winds More likely plume spread for onshore winds Plume spread for onshore winds

27. Sigma Thetas Results for Zion Impact of trees on 10-meter level data Impact of containment and plant buildings on 76-meter and 38-meter level data Land/Lake differences

28. DRESDEN

29. DRESDEN MET TOWER

30. DRESDEN TREES TREES

31. TransmissionTowers DRESDEN

32. LOOKING EAST-NORTHEAST TO DRESDEN PLANT

33. LOOKING NORTHEAST TO DRESDEN SWITCHYARD

34. LOOKING NORTH FROM DRESDEN MET TOWER

35. LOOKING WEST FROM DRESDEN MET TOWER

36. LOOKING SOUTH-SOUTHEAST FROM DRESDEN MET TOWER

37. DRESDEN 90° 75° CROSSARMSHADOW FROM 335° TOWERSHADOW FROM 40-60°

38. 141 FEET HIGH 105 FEET HIGH DRESDEN

39. 19.1 CONTAINMENT HEIGHTS ~2700-3300ft FROM PLANT DRESDEN

40. PLANTTSCA ??

41. DRESDEN

43. FOR +3.6M/S

44. 300º-310º 240º-250º ~3 MILES ~5 MILES DRESDEN

45. FROM DRESDEN MET TOWER LOOKING SOUTHWEST

47. LOOKING SOUTHEAST TO DRESDEN

49. Sigma Thetas Results for Dresden Impact of containment and plant buildings at all levels (10, 61, and 91 meters) Impact of nearby trees, tower shadow, and/or transmission towers? Illinois River Topographic effect on 10 meter data? Impact of distant industrial areas?

50. BRAIDWOOD MET TOWER

51. BRAIDWOOD

52. BRAIDWOOD TREES TREES

54. LOOKING SOUTHWEST TO BRAIDWOOD PLANT

55. LOOKING NORTHEAST TO BRAIDWOOD MET TOWER

56. LOOKING EAST TO BRAIDWOOD MET TOWER

57. LOOKING SOUTHEAST TO BRAIDWOOD MET TOWER

58. LOOKING NORTHWEST FROM BRAIDWOOD MET TOWER

59. BRAIDWOOD CROSSARMSHADOW FROM 330° TOWERSHADOW FROM 50-75° 240° 218°

60. 133 FEET HIGH 198 FEET HIGH BRAIDWOOD

61. BRAIDWOOD 12.1 CONTAINMENT HEIGHTS ~2400ft FROM PLANT

63. FOR +3.6M/S

64. Sigma Thetas for Braidwood Impact of containment and plant buildings at both levels (62 and 10 meters) Impact of trees on 10-meter level data

65. LA SALLE MET TOWER

66. LA SALLE MET TOWER

67. LA SALLE MET TOWER

68. LA SALLE

69. LOOKING NORTH-NORTHWEST FROM LASALLE MET TOWER

71. CROSSARMSHADOW FROM 335° TOWERSHADOW FROM 35-60° 320°335° LA SALLE

72. OLD MET TOWER

73. 184 FEET HIGH 133 FEET HIGH LA SALLE

74. 10.6 CONTAINMENT HEIGHTS ~1950ft FROM PLANT

77. FOR +3.6M/S

78. Plume spread prior to crossing the Illinois River valley Plume spread after crossing the Illinois River valley LA SALLE

79. Sigma Thetas for LaSalle Impact of containment and plant buildings at all levels (10, 61 and 114 meters) Illinois River topographic effect at all levels

80. Study Impacts Met tower siting criteria Site evaluations and maintenance Building wake effects Stability classification for modeling Topographic effects Atmospheric transport Emergency response

85. Preliminary Results from Byron and Quad Cities Sites January - April, 2002

86. Braidwood Illinois Nuclear Plant Locations Zion LaSalle Dresden Byron Quad Cities

87. BYRON

88. BYRON

89. BYRON MET TOWER

90. LOOKING NORTHEAST TO BYRON MET TOWER

91. LOOKING NORTHEAST

92. LOOKING NORTHEAST FROM THE BYRON MET TOWER

93. LOOKING SOUTHEAST FROM THE BYRON MET TOWER

94. BYRON46° 72° TOWERSHADOW FROM 65-85° CROSSARMSHADOW FROM 0°

95. BYRON 200 FEET HIGH 138 FEET HIGH

96. BYRON

97. BYRON 500 FEET HIGH

98. ~3700ft FROM PLANT 18.5 CONTAINMENT HEIGHTS BYRON ~4400ft FROM COOLING TOWERS 7.4 COOLING TOWER HEIGHTS

99. PLANT

100. QUAD CITIES

102. MET TOWER

103. QUAD CITIES MET TOWER

104. QUAD CITIES MET TOWER

105. QUAD CITIES MET TOWER

106. TREES QUAD CITIES MET TOWER

107. QUAD CITIES MET TOWER

108. LOOKING SOUTH AT THE QUAD CITIES MET TOWER

109. LOOKING SOUTHWEST AT THE QUAD CITIES MET TOWER

110. LOOKING SOUTH-SOUTHEAST AT THE QUAD CITIES MET TOWER

111. LOOKING NORTHWEST AT THE QUAD CITIES MET TOWER

112. 1/4 MILE SOUTHWEST OF THE QUAD CITIES MET TOWER - LOOKING NORTHWEST

113. QUAD CITIES CROSSARMSHADOW FROM 0° TOWERSHADOW FROM 65-85° 350°340°

114. QUAD CITIES 143 FEET HIGH 106 FEET HIGH

115. QUAD CITIES

117. ~4800ft FROM PLANT 33.6 CONTAINMENT HEIGHTS

118. PLANT TREES

120. Quad Cities 10-meter Wind Sensors on April 18, 2002 around 1pm