1. Chapter Seven – immigrants and urbanization
Section 1 – The New Immigrants

2. Through the “Golden Door”
Immigrants come to America with the promise of a better life
Sought to escape difficult conditions = famine, land shortages, or religious/political persecution

3. Europeans
1870 – 1920 approximately 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States
First wave of immigration (pre-1890) immigrants came from Western Europe
Post 1890 = Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
Arrived to the East Coast through Ellis Island

4. Europeans Why leave home? To escape religious persecution
To escape rising populations
Too few jobs
Too little lands for farming
From 1800 – 1900 the population of Europe grew from about 200 – 400 million

5. Chinese and Japanese
Wave lasted from , entered U.S.A through Angel Island
300,000 Chinese – came seeking fortune, after gold was found in California
Chinese helped to build the railroads including the first transcontinental railroad

6. Chinese and Japanese
1920 more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the West Coast
Japanese emigration boom came after U.S.A. annexed Hawaii in 1898
Came to U.S.A searching high wages than were being paid in Japan

7. The West Indies and Mexico
1880 – 1920 about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern U.S. from the West Indies.
West Indies =
Jamaica
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Came in search for work in America during its’ “Industrial Boom”

8. The West Indies and Mexico
Mexicans came in search for work too
700,000 Mexicans emigrated to America based on favorable farming opportunities

9. Life in the New Land, a Difficult Journey
By the 1870’s nearly all immigrants traveled by steamship – One week trip from Europe / Three weeks from Asia

10. Ellis Island
Read Ellis Island section on pages

11. Angel Island
Read Angel Island section on page 257

12. Cooperation for Survival
Many immigrants sought out people who
Shared their cultural values
Practiced their religion
Spoke their native language
Once they formed a community they
Built churches or synagogues
Formed social clubs and aid societies
Founded orphanages and old people’s homes
Established cemeteries
Created newspapers in their home languages

13. The Rise of Nativism
Native-born people saw new immigrants as a threat to the American way of life
Gave rise to anti-immigrant groups, felt the new immigrants were less desirable than those who had come before (mostly British, German and Scandinavian)

14. Anti-Asian Sentiment Native born workers feared losing jobs to Chinese
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act – put an end to open immigration to all Chinese
Allowed to enter
Students
Teachers
Merchants tourists
Government officials

15. The Gentlemen’s Agreement
Caused by nativism, and fear of losing jobs
1906 Japanese children were segregated in San Francisco schools
– Japan’s gov’t agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the U.S.A in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order

16. Chapter Seven – immigrants and urbanization
Section 2 – The Challenges of Urbanization

17. Urban Opportunities
Technological boom contributed to urbanization (the growth of cities)
Urban centers were located in the Northeast and Midwest

18. Immigrants Settle in Cities
Most Immigrants become city dwellers
Cheapest; most convenient places to live
Offered unskilled laborers steady jobs

19. Immigrants Settle in Cities
Americanization movement – assimilate wide- ranging cultures into the dominate culture
Sponsored by the government and concerned citizens
Taught skills needed for citizenship; American history and government

20. Immigrants Settle in Cities
Many immigrants did not wish to abandon their traditions
Ethnic communities provided the social support of people from their home country
Allowed them to speak their own language
Practice their own customs and religions

21. Migration from Country to City
Farming technology reduced the need for laborers on farms
Many Southern farmers who lost jobs were African American

22. Migration from Country to City
– 200,000 African Americans moved north and west (Chicago & Detroit)
African Americans looked to escape
Racial violence
Economic hardship
Political oppression
Segregation and discrimination were the reality in Northern cities too.
Job competition created deeper tensions between blacks whites and immigrants

23. Migration from Country to City
Segregation and discrimination were the reality in Northern cities too.
Job competition created deeper tensions between blacks white immigrants

24. Urban Problems More people… more problems
How to provide so many residents with essential services and a quality standard of living?

25. Housing
As the urban population increased; new types of housing were designed
Row houses; single family dwelling w/a shared sidewall
Tenements; overcrowded and unsanitary

26. Transportation
Mass transit; moved large numbers of people along fixed roads; enabled workers to go to and from work
Street cars (San Francisco1873)
Electric Subways (Boston 1897)
Linked cities and neighborhoods together and to outlying cities

27. Water Providing safe drinking water was a serious issue
1840’s and 1850’s New York and Cleveland built public waterworks
Filtration started in the 1870’s, chlorination began in 1908
Early 20th century many residents still had no access to safe water

28. Sanitation
By 1900 cities developed sewer lines and created sanitation departments

29. Crime Populations increased crime increases Pickpockets Thieves
Murderers
New York City introduces professional police officers

30. Fire
Major fires occurred in almost every large American city from ’s
Wooden dwellings replaced with brick, stone or concrete structures
1853 Cincinnati – first professional fire department, by 1900 most major cities followed Cincinnati’s lead

31. Reformers Mobilize
Social welfare reformers targeted urban poverty as their key issue

32. The Settlement House Movement
Social Gospel Movement – preached salvation through service to the poor
Settlement Houses – community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area - immigrants

33. The Settlement House Movement
Operated by middle-class college-educated women
Settlement houses provided
Education (English, health, and painting)
Cultural
Social services (nurses; support for deserted women
Jane Addams page 266