1. Depression, War, and Recovery Unit 8B

2. By the 1930 ’ s: By the 1930 ’ s: Dictators had taken control in several countries (Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union). Dictators had taken control in several countries (Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union). Dictators are also sometimes called fascists. Dictators are also sometimes called fascists. World War I causes World War I causes Nationalism Nationalism Imperialism Imperialism Arms Races Arms Races Alliances Alliances World War II causes World War II causes Nationalism Nationalism Sectionalism Sectionalism Dreams of Expansion Dreams of Expansion The Great Depression The Great Depression

3. Fascists often use propaganda ( movies – TV – posters – speeches – radio) to help make their government look great. to help make their government look great. Fascism: government where the country is more important than the people.

6. Two fascists in the 1930 ’ s Adolph Hitler Adolph Hitler Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini

7. Adolph Hitler Adolph Hitler Born Adolph Schicklgruber Born Adolph Schicklgruber (in Austria). (in Austria). Wanted to be a great artist, but was told he had no talent. Wanted to be a great artist, but was told he had no talent. Felt that his Jewish teachers had plotted against him. Felt that his Jewish teachers had plotted against him. Blamed the Jews for many problems and his hatred of Jews grew. Blamed the Jews for many problems and his hatred of Jews grew. An extra page in our packets tells why Hitler and the Nazis felt the way they did (ideology of Nazism) An extra page in our packets tells why Hitler and the Nazis felt the way they did (ideology of Nazism)

9. By the time he was an adult, he had moved to Munich Hung around the beer halls (popular political places at that time) Hung around the beer halls (popular political places at that time) 1921: joined the Nazi Party 1921: joined the Nazi Party 1923: was arrested and put in jail for helping a group try and overthrow the German government. 1923: was arrested and put in jail for helping a group try and overthrow the German government. While in Jail: wrote “ Mein Kampf ” While in Jail: wrote “ Mein Kampf ”

11. When he got out of jail: Returned to the Nazi party and used his two great gifts: Returned to the Nazi party and used his two great gifts: Great political sense. Great political sense. A great speaker who A great speaker who seemed to know exactly what to say and do. seemed to know exactly what to say and do.

12. In 1932: Hitler won 30% of the vote for President of Germany (so… some people thought he ’ d be a good leader) Offered the Germans: national pride, power, glory, revenge, and a return to the great Germany of old. Offered the Germans: national pride, power, glory, revenge, and a return to the great Germany of old. Continued to attack communism, and continued to blame Jews for the problems of Germany. Continued to attack communism, and continued to blame Jews for the problems of Germany. Hitler also felt he needed more “ living space” (Lebensraum) for the expanding German race – there ’ s some extra reading about that in our packets. Hitler also felt he needed more “ living space” (Lebensraum) for the expanding German race – there ’ s some extra reading about that in our packets. By 1938: Had control of Germany By 1938: Had control of Germany

13. Benito Mussolini Similar rise to power in Italy. Similar rise to power in Italy. People wanted a new leader and he promised them a return to power and glory. People wanted a new leader and he promised them a return to power and glory.

14. Both Hitler and Mussolini would make agreements with countries…. Then would invade those same countries. Then would invade those same countries. Countries would get worried they ’ d be next or be mad their neighbor country was invaded. Countries would get worried they ’ d be next or be mad their neighbor country was invaded. So Hitler and Mussolini would make non- aggression agreements with them…. So Hitler and Mussolini would make non- aggression agreements with them…. Which they would also soon break. Which they would also soon break.

15. This was called appeasement (giving in to someone just to make them happy) These countries would meet Germany ’ s demands – just to avoid a war (which they really couldn ’ t avoid). These countries would meet Germany ’ s demands – just to avoid a war (which they really couldn ’ t avoid).

16. Hitler just kept invading countries and it didn ’ t look like he was ready to stop. This was still not yet what we ’ d call World War II though. This was still not yet what we ’ d call World War II though. That came in 1939. That came in 1939.

17. Hitler made an agreement with the Soviet Union that they would not go to war against each other (even though they were bitter enemies). One month later, Hitler invaded Poland. One month later, Hitler invaded Poland. Great Britain and France finally had enough of this and declared war on Germany. Great Britain and France finally had enough of this and declared war on Germany. And… WWII had begun. And… WWII had begun.

18. These Germans were great fighters They used a strategy called a blitzkrieg They used a strategy called a blitzkrieg (in German means: lightning war) (in German means: lightning war) This was fighting with speed and surprise using tanks, troops, and planes. This was fighting with speed and surprise using tanks, troops, and planes.

19. Poland fell in one month. Poland fell in one month. France was next – they were overcome in about 2 weeks. France was next – they were overcome in about 2 weeks. All that was left of Europe was Britain – but that wasn ’ t as successful for the Germans. All that was left of Europe was Britain – but that wasn ’ t as successful for the Germans. The British people were pretty tough and fought hard – even under terrible conditions they would not surrender. The British people were pretty tough and fought hard – even under terrible conditions they would not surrender.

20. The 2 sides: The Axis Powers The Axis Powers The Allied Powers The Allied Powers

22. Hitler decided one more country he could attack was the Soviet Union (led by Joseph Stalin). Which didn’t work so well for him. Which didn’t work so well for him. It was one of the worst Russian winters ever, and Hitler’s men just had a tough time fighting there. It was one of the worst Russian winters ever, and Hitler’s men just had a tough time fighting there.

23. No United States yet, but…. We were sending aid to the allies. We were sending aid to the allies. (all together about $50 billion worth of war goods). (all together about $50 billion worth of war goods). (The Neutrality Acts and “Lend-Lease”). (The Neutrality Acts and “Lend-Lease”).

24. Japan was another country that wanted to expand their empire To do so, they needed resources. To do so, they needed resources. Japan is a tiny island nation and they didn ’ t have many resources, so to get them they also decided to invade some countries (in Asia). Japan is a tiny island nation and they didn ’ t have many resources, so to get them they also decided to invade some countries (in Asia).

25. The United States did not agree with this aggression and decided to cut off trade with Japan (who needed oil and steel). The United States did not agree with this aggression and decided to cut off trade with Japan (who needed oil and steel). They got mad at us and decided if we wouldn’t trade with them, they might as well attack us and try and take what they wanted. They got mad at us and decided if we wouldn’t trade with them, they might as well attack us and try and take what they wanted. The first place they attacked the United States was at ….. The first place they attacked the United States was at …..

26. Pearl Harbor

31. President Roosevelt “ Yesterday, December 7 th, 1941 – a day which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by the empire of Japan ” “ Yesterday, December 7 th, 1941 – a day which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by the empire of Japan ” War was declared on Japan War was declared on Japan A few days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. A few days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. The United States was now in World War II The United States was now in World War II

33. Section 2: War in Africa and Europe

34. What was really tough about WWII was: we were fighting 2 wars at once One in Europe (against the Germans and Italians) One in Europe (against the Germans and Italians) One in the Pacific (against the Japanese) One in the Pacific (against the Japanese)

36. When the Japanese attacked the U.S. had to get ready to fight right away. Any man 18-38 had to register for “selective service” and some volunteered. Any man 18-38 had to register for “selective service” and some volunteered. The U.S. forces included The U.S. forces included 1,000,000 African Americans 1,000,000 African Americans 300,000 Mexican Americans 300,000 Mexican Americans 300,000 women 300,000 women 51,438 Puerto Ricans 51,438 Puerto Ricans 13,311 Chinese 13,311 Chinese 20,080 Japanese 20,080 Japanese 1,320 Hawaiians 1,320 Hawaiians 19,567 American Indians 19,567 American Indians 11,506 Filipinos 11,506 Filipinos

37. The first place the allies concentrated on: Europe and Northern Africa Allies in Europe were led by General Eisenhower. Allies in Europe were led by General Eisenhower. Winning back Africa happened pretty quick. Winning back Africa happened pretty quick. Defeating Italy didn’t take too long either (Italy was mad at Mussolini and put him in jail). Defeating Italy didn’t take too long either (Italy was mad at Mussolini and put him in jail).

38. The Germans were still fighting all over Europe – including the Soviet Union, where… The Germans had endure the horrible Russian winter and were pushed back. The Germans had endure the horrible Russian winter and were pushed back. Hitler concentrated on the rest of Europe, but that eventually started to fall apart on him, beginning when… Hitler concentrated on the rest of Europe, but that eventually started to fall apart on him, beginning when… The propaganda message on this Russian postcard is: The propaganda message on this Russian postcard is: This is the living space that the German soldier found at the Eastern Front. Six feet under the soil and a birch cross on the ground. Like a shroud the snow covers the fallen, the wind whistles, the crows can "K- r-r-Kraut, Kraut." Hitler has lied to you, German soldiers. He has promised you the capture of Moscow but gave you maiming and death. On Christmas Eve German women weep for Hitler's victims. You, who are left alive, finish with Hitler! Finish with the war! This is the living space that the German soldier found at the Eastern Front. Six feet under the soil and a birch cross on the ground. Like a shroud the snow covers the fallen, the wind whistles, the crows can "K- r-r-Kraut, Kraut." Hitler has lied to you, German soldiers. He has promised you the capture of Moscow but gave you maiming and death. On Christmas Eve German women weep for Hitler's victims. You, who are left alive, finish with Hitler! Finish with the war!

39. The Allies started a huge invasion of Europe – starting on June 6 th, 1944 (D-Day) (by the way – D in D-day doesn ’ t stand for anything – it ’ s a random army letter). This was the largest sea invasion in history. This was the largest sea invasion in history. The Allies ended up successfully attacking and moving to Paris, but… The Allies ended up successfully attacking and moving to Paris, but… Total Allied casualties on D-Day are estimated at 10,000, The US forces lost 6603 men. Total Allied casualties on D-Day are estimated at 10,000, The US forces lost 6603 men.

40. Over 425,000 Allied and German troops were killed, wounded or went missing during the Battle of Normandy. This figure includes over 209,000 Allied casualties, with nearly 37,000 dead amongst the ground forces and a further 16,714 deaths amongst the Allied air forces. Of the Allied casualties, 83,045 were from 21st Army Group (British, Canadian and Polish ground forces), 125,847 from the US ground forces. The losses of the German forces during the Battle of Normandy can only be estimated. Roughly 200,000 German troops were killed or wounded. The Allies also captured 200,000 prisoners of war (not included in the 425,000 total, above). During the fighting around the Falaise Pocket (August 1944) alone, the Germans suffered losses of around 90,000, including prisoners. Over 425,000 Allied and German troops were killed, wounded or went missing during the Battle of Normandy. This figure includes over 209,000 Allied casualties, with nearly 37,000 dead amongst the ground forces and a further 16,714 deaths amongst the Allied air forces. Of the Allied casualties, 83,045 were from 21st Army Group (British, Canadian and Polish ground forces), 125,847 from the US ground forces. The losses of the German forces during the Battle of Normandy can only be estimated. Roughly 200,000 German troops were killed or wounded. The Allies also captured 200,000 prisoners of war (not included in the 425,000 total, above). During the fighting around the Falaise Pocket (August 1944) alone, the Germans suffered losses of around 90,000, including prisoners.

46. There was still more fighting and many battles One of the last of these battles was the Battle of the Bulge. One of the last of these battles was the Battle of the Bulge. 120,000 German casualties 120,000 German casualties 80,000 Americans killed, captured, or wounded. 80,000 Americans killed, captured, or wounded.

48. The Germans had some good skills at fighting wars. The Luftwaffe (extra page in packets) was one of the best air forces in the world. The Luftwaffe (extra page in packets) was one of the best air forces in the world. But these just weren't enough But these just weren't enough

49. After more fighting…. By April, 1945, Hitler knew the end was near He was in his bunker in Berlin (with his girlfriend – Eva Braun). He was in his bunker in Berlin (with his girlfriend – Eva Braun). They took cyanide, shot themselves, and had his men burn their bodies. They took cyanide, shot themselves, and had his men burn their bodies. He didn ’ t want to be captured alive and he didn ’ t want the Allies “ showing off ” his dead body. He didn ’ t want to be captured alive and he didn ’ t want the Allies “ showing off ” his dead body. 5 days later – Germany surrendered (V-E Day). 5 days later – Germany surrendered (V-E Day).

51. This picture was taken on V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

52. When allied troops reached Berlin they made a horrifying discovery – the victims of the Holocaust They eventually captured some of the leaders of this atrocity, put them on trial and several were executed. They eventually captured some of the leaders of this atrocity, put them on trial and several were executed. Hitler called this plan his “ final solution ”

53. The top picture is from “ Kristallnacht ” – extra page in your packets

55. High altitude High altitude Freezing Freezing Sulfanilamide Sulfanilamide Twins Twins Poison Poison Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Phosgene Phosgene Bone, muscle, and joint transplantation Bone, muscle, and joint transplantation Sterilization Sterilization Artificial insemination Artificial insemination Seawater Seawater High altitude High altitude Freezing Freezing Sulfanilamide Sulfanilamide Twins Twins Poison Poison Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Phosgene Phosgene Bone, muscle, and joint transplantation Bone, muscle, and joint transplantation Sterilization Sterilization Artificial insemination Artificial insemination Seawater Seawater

58. Section 3: War in the Pacific

59. Remember – while we ’ re fighting Hitler in Europe, there was also fighting going on in the Pacific. There were many famous battles in the Pacific. The one that was the turning point of the war was the Battle of Midway. There were many famous battles in the Pacific. The one that was the turning point of the war was the Battle of Midway. The Allies realized they couldn ’ t attack every little Pacific island the Japanese were on – so they used a plan called “ island hopping ” – they only attacked the major islands The Allies realized they couldn ’ t attack every little Pacific island the Japanese were on – so they used a plan called “ island hopping ” – they only attacked the major islands (Iwo Jima was one of these islands)

61. The Japanese were fearless fighters though – they would never give up. They used some fighters called Kamikazes – who ’ d actually going on suicide plane missions and intentionally fly their plane into U.S. targets. They used some fighters called Kamikazes – who ’ d actually going on suicide plane missions and intentionally fly their plane into U.S. targets. Some Japanese fighters from some of these islands were found years later – and never knew the war had ended. Some Japanese fighters from some of these islands were found years later – and never knew the war had ended.

63. Eventually the United States got close enough to Japan to attack their main islands President Truman (FDR had died) thought if the U.S. invaded Japan it may cost as many as 200,000 American soldiers lives. President Truman (FDR had died) thought if the U.S. invaded Japan it may cost as many as 200,000 American soldiers lives. And at the same time some scientists were working on a new type of bomb. And at the same time some scientists were working on a new type of bomb.

64. There was actually a race in many countries to be the first to develop an atomic bomb. In the United States this work was called “ the Manhattan Project. ” In the United States this work was called “ the Manhattan Project. ” After successfully testing the bomb – Truman told Japan about it. After successfully testing the bomb – Truman told Japan about it. But they refused to give in and… But they refused to give in and…

65. On August 6 th, 1945 the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima 70,000 people died. 70,000 people died. The Japanese still did not give up. The Japanese still did not give up. 3 days later the U.S. dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki 3 days later the U.S. dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki By August 14 th, Japan had surrendered By August 14 th, Japan had surrendered

73. Section 4: The Home Front Section 5: The Legacy of the War

74. As with the other wars we ’ ve seen, WWII needed the help of a lot of people “ at home ” Factories produced war goods Factories produced war goods (no 1942-45 American cars) (no 1942-45 American cars) People took over soldiers jobs People took over soldiers jobs (like “ Rosie the Riveter ” ) (like “ Rosie the Riveter ” ) People rationed and made sacrifices. People rationed and made sacrifices.

76. After Pearl Harbor a lot of Americans were mad at anyone with Japanese ancestry Their loyalty to the United States was constantly questioned. Their loyalty to the United States was constantly questioned. It was decided they couldn ’ t be trusted and had to beheld and watched in what became known as the Japanese Internment. It was decided they couldn ’ t be trusted and had to beheld and watched in what became known as the Japanese Internment.

77. More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were forced to give up their homes and most of what they owned… And move to guarded camps. And move to guarded camps. Two thirds of these Japanese Americans were actually born in the U.S. Two thirds of these Japanese Americans were actually born in the U.S. Most remained very patriotic. Most remained very patriotic. Some even volunteered for the armies and were among the most decorated soldiers in WWII. Some even volunteered for the armies and were among the most decorated soldiers in WWII. (recognized for doing brave and heroic things)

81. WWII resulted in 73,000,000 deaths 418,500 Americans 418,500 Americans 23,000,000 Russians 23,000,000 Russians 20,000,000 Chinese 20,000,000 Chinese 7 Million Germans 7 Million Germans 5.6 million Poles 5.6 million Poles …………….. …………….. Many of these were civilians. Many of these were civilians. There were many refugees after the war There were many refugees after the war

82. WWII also cost a lot of money $1,600,000,000,000 $1,600,000,000,000 U.S.: $288,000,000,000. U.S.: $288,000,000,000. After the war, many other countries were having money problems (it had been the depression – their cities needed rebuilding – people were without homes and jobs…). After the war, many other countries were having money problems (it had been the depression – their cities needed rebuilding – people were without homes and jobs…). The United States did help out – even Japan and Germany The United States did help out – even Japan and Germany (The Marshall Plan) (The Marshall Plan)

83. There were some separate “ visions ” for Europe and the world after WWII One was “ The Atlantic Charter ” on an extra page in your packets. One was “ The Atlantic Charter ” on an extra page in your packets. Another took place at The Yalta Conference (on an extra page in your packets) Another took place at The Yalta Conference (on an extra page in your packets)

84. The U.S. government also tried to help out our own soldiers by passing “ the G.I. Bill ” This gave veterans economic help. This gave veterans economic help. It also gave many of them a chance to get an education (paid for college). It also gave many of them a chance to get an education (paid for college).

85. And the Allies took care of the German officers responsible for the Holocaust – at: the Nuremberg Trials After the war, some of those responsible for crimes committed during the Holocaust were brought to trial. After the war, some of those responsible for crimes committed during the Holocaust were brought to trial. Nuremberg, Germany, was chosen as a site for trials that took place in 1945 and 1946. Judges from the Allied powers -- Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States -- presided over the hearings of twenty-two major Nazi criminals. Nuremberg, Germany, was chosen as a site for trials that took place in 1945 and 1946. Judges from the Allied powers -- Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States -- presided over the hearings of twenty-two major Nazi criminals. Twelve prominent Nazis were sentenced to death. Most of the defendants admitted to the crimes of which they were accused, although most claimed that they were simply following the orders of a higher authority. Those individuals directly involved in the killing received the most severe sentences. Twelve prominent Nazis were sentenced to death. Most of the defendants admitted to the crimes of which they were accused, although most claimed that they were simply following the orders of a higher authority. Those individuals directly involved in the killing received the most severe sentences. Other people who played key roles in the Holocaust, including high-level government officials, and business executives who used concentration camp inmates as forced laborers, received short prison sentences or no penalty at all. Other people who played key roles in the Holocaust, including high-level government officials, and business executives who used concentration camp inmates as forced laborers, received short prison sentences or no penalty at all.

87. The allies also pushed a new world peacekeeping group (The United Nations)

88. Even though the war was over, there were still some tensions in the world. Many countries began demanding independence Many countries began demanding independence The United States and it’s democratic friends were real concerned about the spread of communism – by the Soviet Union. The United States and it’s democratic friends were real concerned about the spread of communism – by the Soviet Union.

91. Chapter 28: The Cold War and the American Dream Section 1: Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War

92. After WWII – the nations economy boomed People were starting families and buying new homes. People were starting families and buying new homes. People wanted new things – and had plenty of money to spend. People wanted new things – and had plenty of money to spend. Inflation hit the country. Inflation hit the country. (when prices rise quickly) (when prices rise quickly)

93. Also after the war – the number of marriages increased Meaning more babies and more families needing homes. Meaning more babies and more families needing homes.

94. Levittowns: William Levitt was a man who had a plan for building lots of houses quickly.

99. During the war many people made sacrifices – including people with jobs Unions had agreed to help the war effort by agreeing to have their pay frozen and agreeing to not go on strike. Unions had agreed to help the war effort by agreeing to have their pay frozen and agreeing to not go on strike. When the war was over they began to demand better pay. When the war was over they began to demand better pay.

100. 1946 was one of the biggest strike years in U.S. History Automobile, steel, meat packing, electrical, miners, railway workers… Automobile, steel, meat packing, electrical, miners, railway workers… President Truman even had to threaten to use the army to run the railroads. President Truman even had to threaten to use the army to run the railroads.

101. African Americans were still excluded from prosperity and full equality In the South little had changed. In the South little had changed. Many African Americans who wanted to vote were threatened, fired, and even murdered. Many African Americans who wanted to vote were threatened, fired, and even murdered. President Truman knew it was bad – he ordered a special commission on civil rights. President Truman knew it was bad – he ordered a special commission on civil rights. He also ended racial segregation in the army (separation of races) He also ended racial segregation in the army (separation of races) Truman was the first president to make civil rights a national issue. Truman was the first president to make civil rights a national issue.

102. After WWII there were conflicts with the Soviet Union At the end of the war, each side distrusted each other more and more. At the end of the war, each side distrusted each other more and more. Americans really grew suspicious of the Soviets when they began occupying several Eastern European countries. Americans really grew suspicious of the Soviets when they began occupying several Eastern European countries. The U.S. felt they were trying to spread communism around the world (more about communism on an extra page in our packets) The U.S. felt they were trying to spread communism around the world (more about communism on an extra page in our packets)

103. The tensions between the two sides (that lasted for decades) came to be known as:

104. In a visit to the U.S. The Prime Minister of Great Britain (Winston Churchill) warned the world of the Soviets.

105. President Truman ’ s did not want to go to war against the Soviets over communism We just finished a war. We just finished a war. His plan was to try and stop communism from spreading to new areas. His plan was to try and stop communism from spreading to new areas. He called his plan a containment policy. He called his plan a containment policy. (Keeping something under control and stopping it from spreading). (Keeping something under control and stopping it from spreading). He also used the Truman Doctrine – which promised U.S. aid to countries resisting threats to democracy. He also used the Truman Doctrine – which promised U.S. aid to countries resisting threats to democracy.

106. Some nations also formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization To keep an organized and united eye on the Soviets To keep an organized and united eye on the Soviets This group is usually just called NATO This group is usually just called NATO

107. Since we had NATO – the Russians and their friends formed the Warsaw Pact “ A mutual defense Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance ” “ A mutual defense Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance ”

108. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill said it was “ as if an iron curtain had descended across the continent ” These are also sometimes called satellite nations

110. Also to help stop the threat of communism: The United States came up with the Marshall Plan which was to give money and help to re-build Europe after WWII. The United States came up with the Marshall Plan which was to give money and help to re-build Europe after WWII.

111. And, after the war, Germany had been divided into 4 zones France, Great Britain, and the U.S each had one (they combined theirs), and the Russians had a zone. France, Great Britain, and the U.S each had one (they combined theirs), and the Russians had a zone. The Russians wanted to keep all 4 zones from hooking up again (and getting a strong Germany again), so they blocked any of the others from coming into their zone. The Russians wanted to keep all 4 zones from hooking up again (and getting a strong Germany again), so they blocked any of the others from coming into their zone. They even built a wall – in Berlin. They even built a wall – in Berlin. The U.S plan to get supplies to these people was called: the Berlin Airlift The U.S plan to get supplies to these people was called: the Berlin Airlift

112. There was a group of people that were afraid ideas of communism may spread to the United States They were worried some people might even be spies for Russia. They were worried some people might even be spies for Russia. There even were two trials where people were accused of being spies. There even were two trials where people were accused of being spies. One was with Alger Hiss – who was accused of passing military secrets to the Soviets (found guilty – 5 years in prison) One was with Alger Hiss – who was accused of passing military secrets to the Soviets (found guilty – 5 years in prison)

113. The other trial was with Ethyl and Julius Rosenberg They were members of the American Communist Party. They were members of the American Communist Party. Convicted of selling nuclear secrets to the Soviets. Convicted of selling nuclear secrets to the Soviets. Were executed – the only time that’s happened in our country’s history Were executed – the only time that’s happened in our country’s history

114. Even government workers had to undergo “ loyalty ” checks Some people even lost their jobs because of these checks. Some people even lost their jobs because of these checks. Even the movie industry was looking for communists or people with suspected communist ties. Even the movie industry was looking for communists or people with suspected communist ties. Many people were put on blacklists and their careers were ruined. Many people were put on blacklists and their careers were ruined. (Secret lists of who employers should not hire) (Secret lists of who employers should not hire)

115. Chapter 28: The Cold War and the American Dream Section 2: The Korean War and McCarthyism Section 3: The Fifties

116. Right after WWII there was also a civil war in China On one side: Communists – led by On one side: Communists – led by Mao Tse Tung. Mao Tse Tung. The other side: ‘ Nationalists ” – backed by the United States. The other side: ‘ Nationalists ” – backed by the United States. The Communists won the Civil war and the Nationalists were forced to leave the country – they ended up going to Taiwan The Communists won the Civil war and the Nationalists were forced to leave the country – they ended up going to Taiwan

117. Americans were shocked that another country turned to communism – and thought they might try and take over the whole world. Then, some events in Korea contributed to this fear. Then, some events in Korea contributed to this fear. Korea was separated in two parts - at the 38 th parallel (48) Korea was separated in two parts - at the 38 th parallel (48) North Korea – supported by communists North Korea – supported by communists South Korea – supported by the United States South Korea – supported by the United States

120. In 1950, North Korean forces crossed into South Korea The Korean War was starting. The Korean War was starting. Truman was going to use Korea as the first test of his containment policy. Truman was going to use Korea as the first test of his containment policy. The United Nations (16 nations sent troops) tried to helped fight against the North Koreans – but most of the fighting was done by Americans. The United Nations (16 nations sent troops) tried to helped fight against the North Koreans – but most of the fighting was done by Americans.

121. The American General (Douglas MacArthur) pushed the North Koreans all the way back to the edge of China

122. Now, the question is: You’re fighting against communism. You’re fighting against communism. The Chinese are now communists. The Chinese are now communists. You’re dominating North Korean communists. You’re dominating North Korean communists. You’re fighting right on the edge of China. You’re fighting right on the edge of China. Do you go into China and try and take care of communism there too? Do you go into China and try and take care of communism there too? The Chinese warned that we better stop right at the border. The Chinese warned that we better stop right at the border.

124. But China did see the American forces as a threat to attack– so they… Decided to help the North Koreans. Decided to help the North Koreans. They succeeded in pushing the U.S. all the way back to the 38 th parallel They succeeded in pushing the U.S. all the way back to the 38 th parallel

125. Truman and MacArthur completely disagreed about attacking China MacArthur wanted to attack China – Truman wanted to “ contain ” communism. MacArthur wanted to attack China – Truman wanted to “ contain ” communism. Truman eventually had to fire MacArthur. Truman eventually had to fire MacArthur. MacArthur returned to the United States as a hero (he was also the main general in the Pacific in WWII). MacArthur returned to the United States as a hero (he was also the main general in the Pacific in WWII). Eventually most people came to agree with Truman ’ s actions. Eventually most people came to agree with Truman ’ s actions.

127. As the Korean War (Conflict) dragged on It became more unpopular. It became more unpopular. The two sides had peace talks for a couple of years. The two sides had peace talks for a couple of years. When Truman decided to not run for president… When Truman decided to not run for president… Eisenhower wanted to. Eisenhower wanted to. He promised a speedy end to the Korean conflict. He promised a speedy end to the Korean conflict.

128. Eisenhower agreed to a compromise to end the war. But he also told people privately that he’d use nuclear weapons if he had to. But he also told people privately that he’d use nuclear weapons if he had to. Korea ended where it started – with the 38 th Parallel dividing North Korea and South Korea. Korea ended where it started – with the 38 th Parallel dividing North Korea and South Korea. The important thing for the U.S. was: The important thing for the U.S. was:

129. Korea today: No real change from the 50 ’ s

133. One politician who used the threat of communism to his advantage was: Joseph McCarthy He said he had information about people who were communists in the U.S. He said he had information about people who were communists in the U.S. He held investigations and even trials. He held investigations and even trials. He ruined the careers of many people. He ruined the careers of many people. He never really proved any of his claims and soon faded away. He never really proved any of his claims and soon faded away. (He did all this while he was running for re-election for the Wisconsin Senate). (He did all this while he was running for re-election for the Wisconsin Senate). These kind of “ witch hunts ” are sometimes called “ McCarthyism.” These kind of “ witch hunts ” are sometimes called “ McCarthyism.”

135. Since President Eisenhower had been a general He had much more aggressive ideas about how to stop communism He had much more aggressive ideas about how to stop communism He was willing to go to war if he needed to stop its spread. He was willing to go to war if he needed to stop its spread.

136. The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. were soon locked in an arms race They eventually also began a space race when the Soviets launched the world ’ s first space satellite. They eventually also began a space race when the Soviets launched the world ’ s first space satellite. This also meant the Russians had developed a big enough missile that they could attack the United States This also meant the Russians had developed a big enough missile that they could attack the United States

137. And the U.S. started spending billions for its own space research The two sides were actually going to have some meetings but… The two sides were actually going to have some meetings but… About that same time a U.S. spy plane was shot down over Russia and the Soviets were mad we wouldn ’ t apologize. About that same time a U.S. spy plane was shot down over Russia and the Soviets were mad we wouldn ’ t apologize.

139. Not everything was wonderful in the fifties. Nearly 1 in 5 people lived in poverty. Nearly 1 in 5 people lived in poverty. Most of these people were minorities and immigrants who couldn ’ t afford to move out of the cities. Most of these people were minorities and immigrants who couldn ’ t afford to move out of the cities. Employers often took advantage of these people – paying them little and asking them to work a lot – because they knew they needed money so badly. Employers often took advantage of these people – paying them little and asking them to work a lot – because they knew they needed money so badly.

140. As a president, Eisenhower kept most of the “ New Deal ” programs He expanded social security He expanded social security He increased the minimum wage He increased the minimum wage He created the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. He created the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. He built over 41,000 miles of new interstates as part of The Interstate Highway Act (also to be used for the defense of our country) He built over 41,000 miles of new interstates as part of The Interstate Highway Act (also to be used for the defense of our country)

141. The “ American Dream ” in the 50 ’ s Get married Get married Have kids (baby boom) Have kids (baby boom) Live in the suburbs with a car, living near malls, movie theaters, restaurants. Live in the suburbs with a car, living near malls, movie theaters, restaurants. Have your kids go to a good school Have your kids go to a good school Live where you felt safe. Live where you felt safe. Dad worked 9-5 and mom took care of the house and kids. Dad worked 9-5 and mom took care of the house and kids. Have all the new modern “ conveniences ” of life Have all the new modern “ conveniences ” of life

142. Less people went to watch movies – now they could watch television (By 1960 – 9-10 houses had a TV set) Lassie Lassie The Lone Ranger The Lone Ranger The Howdy Doody Show The Howdy Doody Show The Mickey Mouse Club The Mickey Mouse Club I Love Lucy I Love Lucy Father Knows Best Father Knows Best Captain Kangaroo Captain Kangaroo Musicals / Variety Musicals / Variety

145. And… Bill Haley Bill Haley Chuck Berry Chuck Berry Little Richard Little Richard Fats Domino Fats Domino Jerry Lee Lewis Jerry Lee Lewis So many others… So many others…

146. And… we can ’ t forget about…

147. Remember “ the lost generation ” who were around right after WWII? The 60 ’ s had a somewhat similar group. The 60 ’ s had a somewhat similar group. Writers and poets who protested the “ shallowness and conformity ” of American society. Writers and poets who protested the “ shallowness and conformity ” of American society. They were known as “ beatniks.” They were known as “ beatniks.”

148. By the end of the 50 ’ s it was time for a new president 1960 was one of the tightest presidential races in history. 1960 was one of the tightest presidential races in history. Between Richard Nixon (Ike ’ s V.P.) and a young guy – JFK. Between Richard Nixon (Ike ’ s V.P.) and a young guy – JFK. They even had the first ever televised debates. They even had the first ever televised debates. Kennedy won the election. Kennedy won the election.

149. While “ Ike ” was president: the civil rights movement began equal treatment of African-Americans First started to be noticed in Little Rock, Arkansas First started to be noticed in Little Rock, Arkansas In a supreme court case of: Brown vs. the Board of Education. In a supreme court case of: Brown vs. the Board of Education. Up until that time it was OK for there to be “ separate, but equal schools ” for blacks and whites Up until that time it was OK for there to be “ separate, but equal schools ” for blacks and whites There were going to be no more segregated schools There were going to be no more segregated schools

151. Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas The first place blacks forced whites to let them in “ their schools ’ – in 1957. The first place blacks forced whites to let them in “ their schools ’ – in 1957. 9 black students went to a white school. 9 black students went to a white school. Even had to have soldiers and the National Guard protect them. Even had to have soldiers and the National Guard protect them. 1958: the town closed the school 1958: the town closed the school

154. Rosa Parks Refused to give up her seat for a white person on a bus. Refused to give up her seat for a white person on a bus. As a protest, other blacks boycotted the bus system and the bus company lost a lot of money (Montgomery, Alabama) As a protest, other blacks boycotted the bus system and the bus company lost a lot of money (Montgomery, Alabama) This boycott was organized by a young minister from Atlanta – Martin Luther King, Jr. This boycott was organized by a young minister from Atlanta – Martin Luther King, Jr.