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Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University Philip Tate Phoenix College Chapter 21 Lecture Outline* *See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
Chapter 21 Peripheral Circulation and Regulation
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Peripheral Circulatory System
Systemic vessels Transport blood through most all body parts from left ventricle and back to right atrium Pulmonary vessels Transport blood from right ventricle through lungs and back to left atrium Blood vessels and heart regulated to ensure blood pressure is high enough for blood flow to meet metabolic needs of tissues
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Blood Vessel Structure
Arteries Elastic, muscular, arterioles Capillaries Blood flows from arterioles to capillaries Most of exchange between blood and interstitial spaces occurs across the walls Blood flows from capillaries to venous system Veins Venules, small veins, medium or large veins
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Capillaries Capillary wall consists mostly of endothelial cells
Types classified by diameter/permeability Continuous Do not have fenestrae Fenestrated Have pores Sinusoidal Large diameter with large fenestrae
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Capillary Network Blood flows from arterioles through metarterioles, then through capillary network Venules drain network Smooth muscle in arterioles, metarterioles, precapillary sphincters regulates blood flow
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Structure of Arteries and Veins
Three layers except for capillaries and venules Tunica intima Endothelium Tunica media Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Tunica adventitia Merges with connective tissue surrounding blood vessels
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Structure of Arteries Elastic or conducting arteries
Largest diameters, pressure high and fluctuates Muscular or medium arteries Smooth muscle allows vessels to regulate blood supply by constricting or dilating Arterioles Transport blood from small arteries to capillaries
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Structure of Veins Venules and small veins Medium and large veins
Tubes of endothelium on delicate basement membrane Medium and large veins Valves Allow blood to flow toward heart but not in opposite direction Atriovenous anastomoses Allow blood to flow from arterioles to small veins without passing through capillaries
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Blood Vessel Comparison
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Aging of the Arteries Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis
General term for degeneration changes in arteries making them less elastic Atherosclerosis Deposition of plaque on walls
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Pulmonary Circulation
Moves blood to and from the lungs Pulmonary trunk Arises from right ventricle Pulmonary arteries Branches of pulmonary trunk which project to lungs Pulmonary veins Exit each lung and enter left atrium
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Systemic Circulation: Arteries
Aorta From which all arteries are derived either directly or indirectly Parts Ascending, descending, thoracic, abdominal Coronary arteries Supply the heart
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Branches of the Aorta
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Major Arteries
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Head and Neck Arteries
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Arteries of the Brain
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Head and Thorax Major Arteries
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Arteries of Upper Limb and Shoulder
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Arteries of Abdomen and Pelvis
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Arteries of Pelvis and Lower Limb
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Arteries of Lower Limb
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Systemic Circulation: Veins
Return blood from body to right atrium Major veins Coronary sinus (heart) Superior vena cava (head, neck, thorax, upper limbs) Inferior vena cava (abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs) Types of veins Superficial, deep, sinuses
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Major Veins
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Veins of Head and Neck
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Head and Thorax Veins
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Veins of Shoulder and Upper Limb
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Veins of Thorax
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Hepatic Portal System
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Veins of Abdomen and Pelvis
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Veins of Pelvis and Lower Limb
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Veins of Lower Limb
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Dynamics of Blood Circulation
Interrelationships between Pressure Flow Resistance Control mechanisms that regulate blood pressure Blood flow through vessels
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Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Laminar flow Streamlined Outermost layer moving slowest and center moving fastest Turbulent flow Interrupted Rate of flow exceeds critical velocity Fluid passes a constriction, sharp turn, rough surface
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Blood Pressure Measure of force exerted by blood against the wall
Blood moves through vessels because of blood pressure Measured by listening for Korotkoff sounds produced by turbulent flow in arteries as pressure released from blood pressure cuff
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Blood Pressure Measurement
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Blood Flow, Poiseuille’s Law and Viscosity
Flow decreases when resistance increases Flow resistance decreases when vessel diameter increases Viscosity Measure of resistance of liquid to flow As viscosity increases, pressure required to flow increases Blood flow Amount of blood moving through a vessel in a given time period Directly proportional to pressure differences, inversely proportional to resistance
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Critical Closing Pressure, Laplace’s Law and Compliance
Vascular compliance Tendency for blood vessel volume to increase as blood pressure increases More easily the vessel wall stretches, the greater its compliance Venous system has a large compliance and acts as a blood reservoir Critical closing pressure Pressure at which a blood vessel collapses and blood flow stops Laplace’s Law Force acting on blood vessel wall is proportional to diameter of the vessel times blood pressure
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Physiology of Systemic Circulation
Determined by Anatomy of circulatory system Dynamics of blood flow Regulatory mechanisms that control heart and blood vessels Blood volume Most in the veins Smaller volumes in arteries and capillaries
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Cross-Sectional Area As diameter of vessels decreases, the total cross-sectional area increases and velocity of blood flow decreases Much like a stream that flows rapidly through a narrow gorge but flows slowly through a broad plane
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Pressure and Resistance
Blood pressure averages 100 mm Hg in aorta and drops to 0 mm Hg in the right atrium Greatest drop in pressure occurs in arterioles which regulate blood flow through tissues No large fluctuations in capillaries and veins
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Pulse Pressure Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
Increases when stroke volume increases or vascular compliance decreases Pulse pressure can be used to take a pulse to determine heart rate and rhythmicity
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Capillary Exchange and Interstitial Fluid Volume Regulation
Blood pressure, capillary permeability, and osmosis affect movement of fluid from capillaries A net movement of fluid occurs from blood into tissues. Fluid gained by tissues is removed by lymphatic system.
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Fluid Exchange Across Capillary Walls
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Vein Characteristics and Effect of Gravity on Blood Pressure
Venous return to heart increases due to increase in blood volume, venous tone, and arteriole dilation Effect of Gravity In a standing position, hydrostatic pressure caused by gravity increases blood pressure below the heart and decreases pressure above the heart
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Control of Blood Flow by Tissues
Local control In most tissues, blood flow is proportional to metabolic needs of tissues Nervous System Responsible for routing blood flow and maintaining blood pressure Hormonal Control Sympathetic action potentials stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Local Control of Blood Flow by Tissues
Blood flow can increase 7-8 times as a result of vasodilation of metarterioles and precapillary sphincters in response to increased rate of metabolism Vasodilator substances produced as metabolism increases Vasomotion is periodic contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters
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Nervous Regulation of Blood Vessels
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Short-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure
Baroreceptor reflexes Change peripheral resistance, heart rate, and stroke volume in response to changes in blood pressure Chemoreceptor reflexes Sensory receptors sensitive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels of blood Central nervous system ischemic response Results from high carbon dioxide or low pH levels in medulla and increases peripheral resistance
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Baroreceptor Reflex Control
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Baroreceptor Effects
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Chemoreceptor Reflex Control
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Effects of pH and Gases
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Long-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism Vasopressin (ADH) mechanism Atrial natriuretic mechanism Fluid shift mechanism Stress-relaxation response
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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
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Vasopressin (ADH) Mechanism
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Long Term Mechanisms Fluid shift Atrial natriuretic Stress-relaxation
Movement of fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries in response to decrease in blood pressure to maintain blood volume Stress-relaxation Adjustment of blood vessel smooth muscle to respond to change in blood volume Atrial natriuretic Hormone released from cardiac muscle cells when atrial blood pressure increases, simulating an increase in urinary production, causing a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure
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Shock Inadequate blood flow throughout body Three stages
Compensated: Blood pressure decreases only a moderate amount and mechanisms able to reestablish normal blood pressure and flow Progressive: Compensatory mechanisms inadequate and positive feedback cycle develops; cycle proceeds to next stage or medical treatment reestablishes adequate blood flow to tissues Irreversible: Leads to death, regardless of medical treatment
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