1. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 13: Blood Vessels and Circulation

2. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate Slide 11.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Increased heart rate  Sympathetic nervous system  Hormones  Epinephrine  Thyroxine  Exercise  Decreased blood volume

3. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate Slide 11.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Decreased heart rate  Parasympathetic nervous system  Vagus X nerves  High blood pressure or blood volume  Decreased venous return

4. Blood Vessels: The Vascular System Slide 11.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Circulate blood throughout the body  Arteries  Arterioles  Capillaries  Venules  Veins

5. The Vascular System Slide 11.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.8b

6. Blood Vessels: Anatomy Slide 11.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Three layers (tunics)  Tunic intima (interna)  Endothelium  Thinnest, slick  Tunic media  thickest  Smooth muscle

7. Tunics of Elastic and Muscular Arteries Slide 11.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.8b

8. Blood Vessels: Anatomy Slide 11.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Tunic externa  Mostly fibrous connective tissue  Provides support  Prevents over-expansion of vessels

9. The Vascular System Slide 11.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.8b

10. Differences Between Blood Vessel Types Slide 11.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Walls of arteries are thickest  Especially tunica media  More smooth muscle  More elastic tissue  Lumens of veins are larger

11. The Anatomy of Veins Slide 11.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.8b

12. Differences Between Blood Vessel Types Slide 11.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Walls of veins are thin  May have valves  Usually in veins below heart  Prevent backflow  Valves assisted by skeletal muscle

13. Movement of Blood Through Vessels Slide 11.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Arterial blood is pumped by the heart  Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood Figure 11.9

14. Vessels: Anatomy of a Capillary Slide 11.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Capillaries  Form vast, complex networks  Walls one cell layer thick  Thin, leaky  Allow for exchange of materials

15. Capillary Beds Slide 11.28a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Capillary beds: networks  Vascular shunt: directly connects an arteriole to a venule Figure 11.10

16. Capillary Beds Slide 11.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Exchange vessels  Oxygen and nutrients exit blood  Carbon dioxide and waste products enter blood Figure 11.10

17. Blood Vessels: Did you know…. Slide 11.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Humans have about 60,000 miles of vessels  Vessels reach every millimeter of tissue  We have at least two veins for every artery in our extremities  We have 200 miles of vessels in every pound of adipose tissue

18. Capillary Exchange Slide 11.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Substances exchanged due to concentration gradients (diffusion!)  Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood, enter cells  Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cells, enter blood

19. Diffusion at Capillary Beds Slide 11.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.20

20. Special Circuits: Cerebral Arterial Circle Slide 11.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.13

21. Special Circuits: Hepatic Portal System Slide 11.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.14

22. Special Circuits: Fetal Circulation Slide 11.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.15

23. Pulse Slide 11.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pulse: pressure wave of blood  Caused by contraction of heart  Monitored at superficial “pressure points” Figure 11.16

24. Pulse Slide 11.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pulse – should match heart rate  Averages 60-80 beats/minute Figure 11.16

25. Blood Pressure Slide 11.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Measurements are made on the pressure in large arteries  Commonly use brachial artery  Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction  Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax

26. Blood Pressure Slide 11.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pressure in blood vessels  decreases with distance from the heart  Is lowest in venous system

27. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Slide 11.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.18

28. Factors Determining Blood Pressure Slide 11.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.19

29. Variations in Blood Pressure Slide 11.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Human normal range is variable  Normal  140–110 mm Hg systolic  80–75 mm Hg diastolic  120/80 is “ideal” B.P.

30. Variations in Blood Pressure Slide 11.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hypotension  Low systolic (below 110 mm Hg)  May be associated with illness  Hypertension  High systolic (above 140 mm Hg)  High diastolic (above 90 mm Hg)  Can be dangerous:  stroke, heart attack, blindness