1. Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care Chapter 14 Blood Vessels and Circulation

2. Objectives Distinguish among the types of blood vessels on the basis of their structure and function Distinguish among the types of blood vessels on the basis of their structure and function Explain the mechanisms that regulate blood flow through arteries, capillaries, and veins Explain the mechanisms that regulate blood flow through arteries, capillaries, and veins Discuss the mechanisms and various pressures involved in the movement of fluids between capillaries and interstitial spaces Discuss the mechanisms and various pressures involved in the movement of fluids between capillaries and interstitial spaces Describe the factors that influence blood pressure and the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure Describe the factors that influence blood pressure and the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure

3. Objectives Describe how central and local control mechanisms interact to regulate blood flow and pressure in tissues Describe how central and local control mechanisms interact to regulate blood flow and pressure in tissues Explain how the activities of the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers are coordinated to control blood flow through the tissues Explain how the activities of the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers are coordinated to control blood flow through the tissues Explain how the circulatory system responds to the demands of exercise and hemorrhaging Explain how the circulatory system responds to the demands of exercise and hemorrhaging

4. Objectives Identify the major arteries and veins and the areas they serve Identify the major arteries and veins and the areas they serve Describe the age-related changes that occur in the cardiovascular system Describe the age-related changes that occur in the cardiovascular system Discuss the structural and functional interactions among the cardiovascular system and other body systems Discuss the structural and functional interactions among the cardiovascular system and other body systems

5. The Anatomy of Blood Vessels Structure of Vessel Walls Structure of Vessel Walls Tunica interna Tunica interna Tunica media Tunica media Tunica externa Tunica externa

6. The Anatomy of Blood Vessels Arteries Arteries Capillaries Capillaries Capillary Beds Capillary Beds Veins Veins

7. The Function of Valves in the Venous System

8. Circulatory Physiology Pressure Pressure Resistance Resistance Vascular resistance Vascular resistance Viscosity Viscosity Turbulence Turbulence

9. Circulatory Physiology Circulatory Pressure Circulatory Pressure Arterial blood pressure Arterial blood pressure Capillary pressures Capillary pressures Capillary dynamics Capillary dynamics Venous pressure Venous pressure

10. Vital Signs

11. Cardiovascular Regulation Local factors Local factors Neural mechanisms Neural mechanisms Endocrine factors Endocrine factors

12. Cardiovascular Regulation Autoregulation of Blood Flow Autoregulation of Blood Flow Neural Control of BP and Blood Flow Neural Control of BP and Blood Flow Baroreceptor Reflexes Baroreceptor Reflexes Chemoreceptors Chemoreceptors Influence of the ANS and Higher Brain Centers Influence of the ANS and Higher Brain Centers

13. The Carotid and Aortic Sinus Baroreceptor Reflexes

14. The Chemoreceptor Reflexes

15. Cardiovascular Regulation Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation Angiotensin II Angiotensin II Antidiuretic Hormone Antidiuretic Hormone Erythropoietin Erythropoietin Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

16. The Regulation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure

17. Patterns of Cardiovascular Response Exercise and the Cardiovascular System Exercise and the Cardiovascular System Extensive vasodilation occurs Extensive vasodilation occurs Venous return increases Venous return increases Cardiac output rises Cardiac output rises

18. Patterns of Cardiovascular Response Cardiovascular response to Hemorrhaging Cardiovascular response to Hemorrhaging Elevation of Blood Pressure Elevation of Blood Pressure Restoration of Blood Volume Restoration of Blood Volume

19. The Blood Vessels Pulmonary Circulation Pulmonary Circulation

20. The Blood Vessels The Systemic Circulation The Systemic Circulation Systemic arteries Systemic arteries Arteries of the Aortic Arch Arteries of the Aortic Arch Subclavian arteries Subclavian arteries Carotid artery and the Blood supply to the Brain Carotid artery and the Blood supply to the Brain Descending Aorta Descending Aorta

21. Overview of the Arterial System

22. A Flow Chart Showing the Arterial Distribution to the Head, Chest, and Upper Limbs

23. Arteries of the Neck, Head, and Brain

24. Major Arteries of the Trunk

26. The Blood Vessels Systemic Circulation Systemic Circulation Systemic Veins Systemic Veins Superior Vena Cava Superior Vena Cava Venous return from the Head and Neck Venous return from the Head and Neck Venous return from the Limbs and Chest Venous return from the Limbs and Chest Inferior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Hepatic Portal System Hepatic Portal System

27. An Overview of the Venous System

28. Major Veins of the Head and Neck

29. The Venous Drainage of the Abdomen and Chest

30. A Flow Chart of the Circulation to the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

31. The Hepatic Portal System

32. Blood Vessels Fetal Circulation Fetal Circulation Placental blood supply Placental blood supply Circulation in the Heart and Great Vessels Circulation in the Heart and Great Vessels Circulatory changes at birth Circulatory changes at birth

33. Aging and the Cardiovascular System Blood Blood Decreased hematocrit Decreased hematocrit Constriction or blockage of peripheral veins by the formation of a thrombus Constriction or blockage of peripheral veins by the formation of a thrombus Pooling of the blood in the veins of the legs Pooling of the blood in the veins of the legs Heart Heart Reduction in CO Reduction in CO Changes in the nodal and conducting cells Changes in the nodal and conducting cells Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Reduction in elasticity of the fibrous skeleton Reduction in elasticity of the fibrous skeleton Replacement of damaged cardiac muscle cells by scar tissue Replacement of damaged cardiac muscle cells by scar tissue

34. Aging and the Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels Blood Vessels Inelastic walls of arteries Inelastic walls of arteries Calcium salt deposits Calcium salt deposits Thrombi formation Thrombi formation

35. Integration with Other Systems

36. Summary

37. Emergency Care Applications Chapter 14

38. Overview

39. Aneurysm Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Dissecting Aneurysm Dissecting Aneurysm

40. Acute Pulmonary Embolism

41. Acute Arterial Occlusion Five P’s Five P’s Pain Pain Pallor Pallor Pulselessness Pulselessness Paresthesia Paresthesia Paralysis Paralysis

42. Vasculitis Inflammatory process segmental Inflammatory process segmental Necrosis Necrosis Hypertrophy Hypertrophy Can lead to partial or total occlusion Can lead to partial or total occlusion

43. Vascular Trauma Traumatic Aneurysm or Rupture of the Aorta Traumatic Aneurysm or Rupture of the Aorta Other Vascular Injuries Other Vascular Injuries

44. Summary