1. SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu
Human anatomy
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY
Liu Zhiyu

2. Special techniques
X-rays radiograph

3. MRI scan of head in sagittal plane.
MR scan showing an enhancing mass which is a meningioma growing from the meninges at the edge of the foramen magnum. The tumour is benign but is causing compression of the brain stem
and secondary hydrocephalus.

4. Examination Identify 20 structures (30 marks) Written examination
35 single-choice questions (35 marks)
15 multi-choice questions (15 marks)
4 short answer questions (20marks)

5. Descriptive anatomical terms
The anatomical position:
The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally.

6. The terms of the direction
superior (cranial )
inferior (caudal )
Anterior (ventral )
Posterior (dorsal )
medial
lateral
internal
external
superficial
profound
proximal
distal

7. The terms of the direction
ulnar
radial
tibial
fibular
left
right
vertical
horizontal
central
unilateral
bilateral
contralateral
homolateral

8. Anatomical axes and planes
Axis ：
Vertical axis
Sagittal axis
Coronal axis

9. Anatomical axes and planes
Sagittal plane
Coronal plane
Horizontal plane
or transverse plane

10. Planes of the Body
Fig
2.8
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse

11. Abbreviations of terms
a., aa artery, arteries
ant anterior
f fibre or fiber
inf inferior
lig ligament
ln lymph node
m., mm. muscle, muscles
n., nn nerve, nerves
post posterior
sup superior
v vein

12. The Locomotor System Composed Major function Bones Joints Muscles
Support
Protection
Locomotion

13. Introduction of the osteology
Classification of bone
Bones in adult are 206 in number. Bones are classified according to their position and shape.
The position can be:
skull
bones of trunk
appendicular skeleton
Types of shape include:
1. long bone
2. short bone
3. flat bone
4. irregular bone

14. Introduction of the osteology
1. Long bones (found in limbs):
Diaphysis or shaft , which is hollow (medullary cavity ,filled with bone marrow
Two ends－epiphysis
Articular surface
Metaphysis
Epiphysial cartilage
Epiphysial line
2. Short bones: cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal bones

16. Introduction of the osteology
3. Flat bones: thin,
4. Irregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones
* Sesamoid bones
develop within tendon

17. General structures of bone
Bony substance
Periosteum
Bone marrow

18. General structures of bone
1. Bony substance
compact bone
spongy bone
Trabeculae

19. General structures of bone
※In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate ,and inner plate , while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploë

20. General structures of bone
2. Periosteum :
Outer or fibrous layer
Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts
Endosteum is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone.
3. Bone marrow
Red marrow ：haematopoietic 造血
Yellow marrow: fatty

21. Chemical composition and physical properties
Organic material ：the main one is collagen
gives the bones resilience and toughness
Inorganic salts ： the main one is calcium phosphate give the bones hardness and rigidity
Organic material
Inorganic salts
Children 1
Adult 3 7
Old 4

22. Ⅰ. Bones of trunk
Composition:
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Sternum
Ribs

23. 1. Vertebrae Cervical vertebrae C. 7 Thoracic vertebrae T. 12
There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:
Cervical vertebrae C. 7
Thoracic vertebrae T. 12
Lumbar vertebrae L. 5
Sacral vertebrae S. 5 →sacrum
Coccygeal vertebrae Co.3-4 →coccyx

24. 1）General features of vertebra
Vertebral body
Vertebral arch
pedicle of vertebral arch :
sup. and inf. vertebral notch
lamina of vertebral arch
process (7):
spinous process
transverse process
sup. and inf. articular processes
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral canal
Intervertebral foramen

26. 2）Regional variations of vertebrae

27. （1）Thoracic vertebrae Vertebrae Body ：
heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea
Vertebral foramen：
smaller, rounder
Spinous processes：
long, point obliquely downward
Transverse processes：
transverse costal fovea
Articular processes: coronal

28. （2）Cervical vertebrae Vertebrae Body:
small
uncus of vertebral body
Vertebral foramen: large and triangular in shape
Spinous processes:
short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6, and longer in C7
Transverse processes:
short and bifid, transverse foramen
Articular processes: horizontal

29. Atypical vertebeae Atlas (C1) Body and spinous process absent
consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
Groove for vertebral artery

30. Atypical vertebeae Axis (C2): Distinguished by dens
Which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas

31. Atypical vertebeae
Carotid tubercle: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6
Vertebra prominens (C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes

32. （3）Lumbar vertebrae Vertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape
Vertebral foramen:
larger and triangular
Spinous processes:
projects horizontally
Transverse processes:
long
Articular processes: sagittal

33. Regional variations of vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumber vertebrae
Body
Small
Heart-shape, have superior and inferior costal fovea for rib heads
Larger, kidney-shape
Vertebral foramen
Larger and triangular
Smaller, rounder
Spinous processes
Short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7
Long, point obliquely downward
Projects horizontally
Transverse processes
Short and bifid, transverse foramen
Have transverse costal fovea for rib tubercles
Long
Articular processes
Horizontal
Coronal
Sagittal

34. （4）Sacrum Anterior surface: Posterior surface: Lateral part:
Promontory
anterior sacral foramina
(four pairs)
Posterior surface:
median sacral crest
posterior sacral foramina
sacral canal
sacral hiatus
sacral cornu
Lateral part:
auricular surface
sacral tuberosity

35. Cornua
Sacral hiatus
palpation

36. caudal anaesthesia

38. 2. Sternum Manubrium sterni Body of sternum Xiphoid process
jugular notch
clavicular notch
Body of sternum
Costal notches
Xiphoid process

39. 2. Sternum ★ Sternal angle : the junction of manubrium and body
which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally
lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly

40. 3. Ribs General features 12 pair Ribs 1~7 called true ribs
Ribs 8~10 called false ribs
Ribs 11~12 called floating ribs

41. 1）Characteristics of “typical” rib
Posterior end
costal head
costal neck
costal tubercle
Shaft
costal angle
costal groove
Anterior end

42. Atypical rib First rib:
tubercle for scalenus anterior
sulcus for subclavian vein and artery
11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks, tubercles and angles

43. You must identify follow structures！
Vertebral body
Vertebral arch
pedicle of vertebral arch
sup. and inf. vertebral notch
lamina of vertebral arch
spinous process
transverse process
sup. and inf. articular processes
Vertebral foramen
Intervertebral foramen
superior and inferior costal fovea
transverse costal fovea
transverse foramen
Atlas
Groove for vertebral artery
Promontory
anterior sacral foramina median sacral crest
posterior sacral foramina

44. You must identify follow structures！
sacral canal
sacral hiatus
sacral cornu
auricular surface
sacral tuberosity
Manubrium sterni
jugular notch clavicular notch
Body of sternum
Xiphoid process
Sternal angle
costal head
costal neck
costal tubercle
costal angle
costal groove