1. Early English
Settlements

2. Sir Walter Raleigh “The Unfortunate” Sir Walter Raleigh
6 foot tall Englishman who won Queen Elizabeth’s affection
Legend says that he took off his cloak so that Queen Elizabeth could cross a puddle without getting wet.
Sir Walter Raleigh

3. Sir Walter Raleigh also won favor with Queen Elizabeth I by informing her of a plot to take her throne
Coronation portrait of w:en:Elizabeth I of England. Unknown painter, Public domain image

4. Mary Queen of Scots had made many enemies. She was a Roman Catholic
Mary Queen of Scots was the niece of Queen Elizabeth’s father, Henry VIII
Many believed that she was the rightful heir to the throne after Mary I died.
Mary Queen of Scots had made many enemies.
She was a Roman Catholic
She was believed to have been part of a conspiracy that led to the murder of her 2nd husband
Mary I of Scotland in captivity, c.1580, unknown artist. Public domain image
Mary Queen of Scots

5. Instead, Elizabeth locked her in the Tower of London for 19 years
Because of her unpopularity in Scotland, she went to Queen Elizabeth for help
Instead, Elizabeth locked her in the Tower of London for 19 years
While there, Mary Queen of Scots is believed to have endorsed a plot to overthrow Queen Elizabeth and install her as Queen
When Elizabeth was told of the plot, she ordered her execution (although not enthusiastically)
During her execution, she wore a scarlet garment that symbolized Catholic martyrdom… The executioner was not able to sever her head with one blow… it took two chops
The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
by Robert Herdman

6. King James I Interesting fact…
After Queen Elizabeth died, James I succeeded her
James I was the son of Mary Queen of Scots
So… the successor of Elizabeth was the child of a woman she put to death.
King James I

7. Later, Raleigh asked Queen Elizabeth to grant him a Charter
Raleigh sent out 2 explorers in 1584 who claimed a territory in the area of present day N. Carolina… it was named in Queen Elizabeth’s honor (Virginia).
Later, Raleigh asked Queen Elizabeth to grant him a Charter
She gave him the right to set up a colony in North America
By 1585, he had enough money to send 100 men.
They landed on an island off of present-day North Carolina called Roanoke
Walter Raleigh, by Nicholas Hilliard, c.1585.

8. Raleigh himself did not go on the journey.
John White, an artist, did go
He drew very elaborate pictures of Native Americans and surrounding landscapes
Source unknown

9. The colonists searched for gold unsuccessfully
They ran out of food and demanded corn from Indians
Fighting broke out
The men of Roanoke were discouraged and ready to return to England
When Sir Francis Drake arrived with a ship in 1586, all of the settlers returned to England
1585 sketch by john white of Indians at Roanoke
Public domain image

10. Virginia Dare’s Baptism
Raleigh was not discouraged
He asked White to return in 1587
White agreed to return to set up a farming community with several women
This included his daughter and son-in-law who gave birth to the first English child in the Americas- Virginia Dare
Virginia Dare’s Baptism
In Roanoke

11. Supplies ran low on Roanoke and White decided to return to England for supplies
He left 117 settlers behind including his daughter and granddaughter
Before leaving, he told the settlers to write their location on a tree or draw a cross if attacked

12. Unfortunately, White returned as the Spanish Armada attacked
Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, painted 1796 depicts the battle of Gravelines
Public domain image
Unfortunately, White returned as the Spanish Armada attacked
The few months he promised the Roanoke settlers lasted 3 years
Queen Elizabeth wanted all ships available to fight the Spanish

13. Upon White’s return, he fond his fort deserted
houses were empty
vines ran through windows
books were torn from covers
The word CROATOAN was carved on a tree
name of Indian tribe and nearby Island

14. White wanted to investigate, but a storm crept up on the sailors and they demanded to leave
White never saw his family
Roanoke is still a mystery and is referred to as the “Lost Colony”

15. He was implicated in a plot against James I
Public domain image
After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh's life got even more difficult after he was locked in the Tower of London
He was implicated in a plot against James I
After being released he was rearrested years later for the same crime and executed
His distraught wife carried his severed head in a sack for 29 years until her death

16. Source: National Park Service Virginia Company of London Seal
Public domain image
In 1606, the Virginia Company received a charter from James I to set up a colony in Virginia.
The Virginia Company was a joint stock company
merchants pooled money to form a company
merchants would get stock depending on amount invested… once they had enough capital they’d outfit ships

17. In December 1606, the Virginia Company sent 144 men on 3 ships (Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery ) to Virginia
40 died during journey
Upon arrival in 1607, they faced many problems including swampy land filled with diseased mosquitoes
Many settlers died

18. Colonists in Jamestown were led by a 13 man council
poor leadership, did not have a “plan”
most colonists spent time searching for gold, neglected crop planting

19. Captain John Smith
By the summer of 1608, Jamestown colony was failing.
Captain John Smith decided to take charge.
Smith was an adventurous young man, who fought against the Turks at age 20. He build a reputation as a bold soldier.
He was captured and sold to a Turk. The Turk sent him home to serve his girlfriend, who Smith claimed fell in love with him.
She sent him to her brother who promised to train Smith in the Turkish Royal Service.
Smith murdered the brother and escaped.

20. Algonquin chief who hated the English Powhatan was impressed by
Smith had little sympathy for the settlers and became angered by their greed
Smith decided to visit some friendly Indians who gave him some food and the grateful settlers made him leader of Jamestown
Shortly after, he went into the woods with some friends and were ambushed by Indians
Smith was wounded and
taken to Powhatan, an
Algonquin chief who hated
the English
Powhatan was impressed by
Smith’s composure. It is
believed that his 12 year old
daughter Pocahontas saved
Smith from execution (by
bludgeoning) by begging her
father to spare his life
Pocahontas saving the life of Capt. John Smith. Lithograph by the New Eng. Chromo. Lith. Co., Library of Congress

21. Smith even succeeded in getting Powhatan to sell the colony food.
He instituted strict rules including the famous edict, “He that will not work, shall not eat.”

22. In 1609, John Smith suffered from a serious gunpowder burn and had to return to England. The settlers forgot Smith’s lessons

23. The Starving Time ( )
Settlers began eating dogs, cats, snakes, horses….
Also began using wood from houses for firewood
Only 60 people survived the winter

24. Source: US Army National Guard
The Virginia Company sent Lord De Larr Ware to the their colony to improve things
He was not successful
His tactics were brutal
executed a man for stealing a chicken
tied a man to a tree for taking a few cups of oatmeal (man starved to death)

25. Eventually, there were 3 things that did save the Jamestown Colony
1. Tobacco Crops
2. Representative Government
3. Arrival of women

26. Imported tobacco seeds from West Indies
TOBACCO in Jamestown-
In 1612, John Rolfe discovered that the Virginia soil was perfect for tobacco
Imported tobacco seeds from West Indies
King James I hated tobacco calling it “a stinking weed”
The Virginia Company was now able to make huge profits
Source: unknown

27. In 1619, the first African slaves arrived in Jamestown
About 20 were sold to the English by Dutch sailors
By the late 1600’s, Virginia Plantation owners relied heavily on slave labor

28. In 1619, the Virginia Company sent a governor to Jamestown with orders to consult the settlers on all matters
Settlers who were
male property
owners could vote
for burgesses, or
representatives
The burgesses
met in an assem-
bly called the
House of
Burgesses

29. The Virginia House of Burgesses becomes the first representative government in the English colonies
Representative government is one in which voters elect representatives to make laws.
It was deeply rooted in the ideas of the Magna Carta (1215) in which nobles forced King John I to consult a Great Council of nobles and Church leaders before raising or imposing taxes. It also guaranteed citizens a trial by jury. The Magna Carta held the King accountable and limited his powers.
Image from Cassell's History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902
Public domain image

30. Women made everything from scratch
The Arrival of Women
The Virginia Company decided that they needed to make colonists “more settled”
They sent their first shipload of 100 women to Jamestown in 1619 (some went voluntarily, others were convicts)
Each man who found a wife was required to pay the Virginia Company lbs. of tobacco
The presence of women did make life much better, but it was still very tough
Women made everything from scratch
(food, clothes, medicine)

31. The most famous marriage in the colonies was between John Rolfe and Pocahontas, years before the first large groups of women arrived
Pocahontas was kidnapped by settlers shortly after John Smith left Jamestown
Pocahontas accepted Christianity (Anglican), was baptized, and changed her name to Rebecca

32. Shortly thereafter, she met John Rolfe and the two fell in love.
Both the Governor of Virginia and Powhatan gave their
blessing and
they were
married in
1614.
They had their
only child,
Thomas, in
1615.
The wedding of Pocahontas with John Rolf. Lithograph by Joseph Hoover, Library of Congress

33. Before returning to VA, she contracted small pox and died in 1617
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Public domain image
In 1616, they traveled to England where Pocahontas was the center of attention and even the King requested a meeting with her
Before returning to VA, she contracted small pox and died in 1617

34. The English scorned the Native Americans’ religion
Many hoped that the marriage of Rolfe and Pocahontas would lead to peace between English settlers and Indians
The English scorned the Native Americans’ religion
They also began moving onto Indian land
The marriage of Pocahontas. Engraving by John C. McRae, 1855, after Henry Brueckner. Library of Congress

35. In 1622, Native Americans from around the Chesapeake Bay attacked and massacred about 350 settlers
The settlers responded by attacking, killing and enslaving many Indians
When King James
heard about the
attack, he took
management of the
colony from the
Virginia Company
and made
Jamestown a royal
colony, directly
under king’s control
Theodore DeBry engraving of March 22, 1622, when Powhatan Indians massacred Jamestown and other Virginian settlers. De Bry's woodcut published 1628 in an account of the New World.

36. Review 2-3
1. Why was the Roanoke Colony unsuccessful during the first attempt to colonize it?
What were the major differences between the 1st and 2nd attempt to colonize Roanoke?
Why was John White stranded in England for 3 years?
What words were written on a tree discovered by John White when he returned to Roanoke?
In what year did English settlers arrive in Jamestown?
What edict (rule) was instituted by John Smith that helped save the Jamestown colony?
What were the three events that saved the Jamestown colony?
What man determined that tobacco could be a profitable crop for Jamestown settlers?
What was the Magna Carta?
What is the name of the assembly set up in Virginia that served as home of the first representative government in the Americas?
The marriage of what 2 people provided hope for peace between the native Americans and English settlers?
After Indians massacred 350 settlers in Jamestown, what action did King James take?

37. In 1620 another band of 102 settlers set sail from England
Many were “Separatists”, or people that wanted to separate from the Church of England because they believed it was still too Catholic
They were
persecuted
terribly in
England
Fugitives for conscience sake. Leaving the Flemish coast for America. Engraving by J. B. Hunt, 1880, after C. J. Staniland. Library of Congress

38. Being a Separatist was considered a criminal act in England.
The group secretly left England for Holland, where they stayed until 1620
Fearing that their children were becoming “too Dutch” they secured a charter to Virginia and left on the Mayflower in 1620
The Mayflower. Engraving published by John A. Lowell, 1905, after Marshall Johnson. Library of Congress

39. After a long, stormy journey across the ocean, the settlers decided to settle near present-day Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
Before heading to shore, the Pilgrims drew up the Mayflower Compact in which the men promised to consult each other on laws and work together to create a successful colony
The Pilgrims signing the compact on board the Mayflower, Nov. 11th, Engraving by Gauthier, 1859, after T. H. Matteson. Library of Congress. Public domain image

40. They named their colony Plymouth
As the colony grew, the men decided to form a representative government
They named their colony Plymouth
Plymouth Rock, Engraving by J. Andrews, 1869, after P. F. Rothermel. Library of Congress

41. The first winter in Plymouth was horrible for the settlers.
They arrived in December 1620 and did not have time to build shelters
Most lived in sod houses
Some lived in holes in the ground covered by tents
Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 11th Dec Lithograph by N. Currier. Library of Congress

42. Nearly half of the settlers died during the first winter
Their strong religious faith kept them in Plymouth despite hardships

43. In the Spring, the Pilgrims were surprised when an Indian named Samoset walked into their village and greeted them in English (learned from explorers along New England Coast)
Many of the
Pilgrims were
initially terrified,
but many spent all
day talking to him

44. Samoset introduced the Pilgrims to Massasoit, the sachem of the Wampanoag Indians
They made a peace treaty and even agreed to defend each other against enemies
Source: Library of Congress

45. The Indian who helped the Pilgrims the most was a Patuxet tribe member named Tisquantum (Squanto)
Squanto had lost his family to disease, so he decided to live with the Pilgrims and teach them how to survive

46. Squanto was captured by English sailors and brought to England
While there, he lived with Sir Ferdinando Gorges who taught him the English language.
After learning English, he became a guide for English sea Captains. During one journey, he was released.
Shortly after, he was captured by another English sailor who brought him to Spain in the hopes of selling him.

47. He was purchased by Spanish friars who promptly freed him but Squanto stayed with them for a few years.
He later boarded a ship that took him to England where Sir Ferdinando Gorges helped him return to America.
Upon his arrival, he learned from Samoset that his entire tribe had died of small pox in a week’s time

48. Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to plant seeds for corn, beans, and pumpkins.
He also taught them how to fish for eels.
The settlers believed that God had sent Squanto to them.
If not for Squanto, it is likely that most of the Pilgrims would not have survived another year

49. Squanto also taught the Pilgrims how to use manure as fertilizer, different cooking methods, and acted as a guide and interpreter

50. With the help of Squanto, the Pilgrims had a great harvest in 1621 and invited Massasoit and his immediate family to a Thanksgiving Dinner
Massasoit brought 90 braves with him… and there is no evidence that any Indian women attended the Thanksgiving Dinner
The First Thanksgiving, after the painting by Jean Louis Gerome Ferris (1863–1930)Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington

51. The Pilgrims were not prepared for such a large group
Massasoit sent some of his braves back and they returned with five deer and many other wild game
The feast lasted for 3 straight days

52. Miles Standish was one of the most famous characters during the settlement of Plymouth. He was hired by the Pilgrims to accompany them on the Mayflower to the New World. Standish was the military leader of the new colony of Plymouth Massachusetts.
In 1621, where he explored the territory, tended the sick, trained a militia, and fought Indians.
He later served as assistant to the governor and as treasurer of Plymouth Colony. He helped establish the town of Duxbury in 1631.

53. President George Washington
The first Thanksgiving Proclamation was issued by President George Washington, months after his inauguration as president in It stated in part,
“Whereas it is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor; and Whereas both Houses of Congress have, by their joint committee, requested me "to recommend to the people of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer, to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many and signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness:"
It was to be celebrated every November 26… but was not as widely celebrated until an order by the 16th President 74 years later.
President George Washington

54. It was not until 1863, that Thanksgiving became an official holiday
Abraham Lincoln signed an Executive Order after the Battle of Gettysburg making Thanksgiving a national holiday to be celebrated annually on the last Thursday of November. It stated in part,
“I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens. And I recommend to them that while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience, commend to His tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility and Union.”
Franklin Roosevelt later changed it to the 4th Thursday of each year.
Abraham Lincoln

55. Review 2-4
1. The Pilgrims were considered part of what religious movement?
What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact?
In what year did the Pilgrims reach their destination?
In what present-day state will you find Plymouth?
What happened to the Pilgrims during their first winter?
What Native American did the Pilgrims first meet?
Who was the chief of the Wampanoag Indians?
What Native American is credited with saving the Plymouth settlers?
How did Squanto learn English?
Why were the Pilgrims ill prepared at the first Thanksgiving dinner?
Who was the military leader hired by the Pilgrims?
In what year was (a) the first Thanksgiving and (b) which United States President made Thanksgiving an official U.S. holiday in 1863?