2.  Who is speaking?  What is the main idea?  When did this event take place?  Where did this event take place?  Why was this event historically important?

4.  Louis Sullivan  Daniel Burnham  Frederick Law Olmsted  Orville and Wilbur Wright  George Eastman

5.  Engineering innovations (like Brooklyn Bridge) laid the groundwork for modern life  Large urban cities across America became the residence of nearly 40% of population  Skyscrapers, Electric Transit, and Urban Planning aided in the growth of these cities

6.  Elevators and internal steel skeletons enabled architects to build higher and higher buildings  Louis Sullivan designed the Wainwright Building  Daniel Burnham built the Flatiron Building

9.  Electric trolleys replaced horse-drawn streetcars at the turn of the century  1888 Richmond, VA was 1 st city to electrify its urban transit  Some cities created “el” trains (elevated), and some created subways

11.  Frederick Law Olmstead created New York’s Central Park  Much like the national parks out west, these parks sought to keep some of a cities natural beauty before it was all torn down

13.  The US literacy rate had risen to 90% by 1890, thus new technology in printing books and magazines was needed  New paper (pulp mills), faster production enabled mass printing

14.  Orville and Wilbur Wright were brothers who owned a bicycle manufacturing store in Dayton, OH.  They designed the first airplane  Dec. 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, NC it flew 120 feet for 12 seconds

16.  George Eastman introduced the Kodak camera in 1888  Now, photography was no longer a professional activity—many novice armatures began capturing photography of Americana

17.  Who is speaking?  What is the main idea?  When did this event take place?  Where did this event take place?  Why was this event historically important?

18.  Booker T. Washington  Tuskegee Institute  W.E.B. Bu Bois  Niagara Movement

19.  Between 1865—1895, states began passing laws requiring children b/t 8 and 14 yrs old attend school 12 to 16 weeks per year.  Kindergartens (originally childcare for working mothers) became more popular  In 1880 62% of white children attend elementary school, compared to 34% of black children.  The majority of African-American children won’t attend public schools until 1940

20.  High schools also expanded in 1900 to offer a curriculum rooted in science, civics, and social studies, as well as vocational training for industry  More than ½ million students attend high school by 1900  Even though attending schools increased, only a minority actually received a diploma, and even fewer went on to college

21.  Between 1880—1920 college enrollment more than quadrupled  The curriculum changed to include research universities, physical sciences, psychology/ sociology, laws, medicine, etc.

22.  With the help of Freedmen’s Bureau, Howard University was established for black students in Washington D.C.

23.  Booker T. Washington believed that racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society  He headed up Tuskegee University, Alabama

25.  W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African- American to receive a doctorate from Harvard University  He strongly disagreed w/ Washington’s gradual approach  He founded the Niagara Movement to educate black teachers

26.  Immigrants were encouraged to go to schools (unlike African Americans)  Young immigrant children were “Americanized” in the free public schools  Henry Ford offered daytime classes for immigrants to learn English, as well as customary American duties  Many felt Ford was indoctrinating them not to ever confront management

27.  Who is speaking?  What is the main idea?  When did this event take place?  Where did this event take place?  Why was this event historically important?

28.  Ida B. Wells  Poll Tax  Grandfather Clause  Segregation  Jim Crow Laws  Plessy v. Ferguson  Debt Peonage

29.  African Americans faced obstacles restricting their newly-found legal rights during Reconstruction  Many Southern states adopted legal policies of racial discrimination, as well as came up with ways to weaken their political power

30. LITERACY TEST/ POLL TAXGRANDFATHER CLAUSE  Some states required its citizens to be able to read & right, therefore instituted literacy tests, where blacks were asked harder questions than whites  A poll tax also had to be paid in order to vote, which hurt both blacks as well as white sharecroppers  An additional clause added to voting was the grandfather clause, which stated that if your father or grandfather was eligible to vote before 1/1/1867, then you were also eligible to vote.  This date was important, because no slaves were able to vote by that date

31.  Southern states passed racial segregation laws in order to separate white/ black people in society  These laws were commonly called “Jim Crow "laws  Racial segregation was common in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems in the South

32.  In this historic court case, the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal, and not violate the 14 th Amendment.  This case established the doctrine of “separate but equal”, which stated that states could keep blacks and whites separate, as long as the facilities were equal…they never were.

33.  Blacks not only faced formal discrimination, but information discrimination as well.  Blacks and whites never shook hands  Blacks had to yield to whites on the sidewalk  Blacks had to remove their hats for whites  Moderate reformers (like Booker T. Washington), eventually earned support from whites, but many (W.E.B. Du Bois, and Ida B. Wells) felt that more urgent tactics were in order

34.  Blacks that were accused of violating the accepted rules of racial etiquette were often lynched.  Between 1882 and 1892, more than 1,400 blacks were shot, burned, or hanged w/o trial in the South

35.  Blacks that lived in the North looking for a better life often found themselves living in segregated in communities; not allowed to join unions; unemployed; etc  Mexican immigrants were hired out west to construct the railroads, mining, agriculture, etc.  Many people (Mexicans/ African-Americans) found themselves in debt peonage, which bound them into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer.

36.  Who is speaking?  What is the main idea?  When did this event take place?  Where did this event take place?  Why was this event historically important?

37.  Joseph Pulitzer  William Randolph Hearst  Ashcan school  Mark Twain  Rural Free Delivery (RFD)

38.  Large urban cities began building parks for outdoor enjoyment  Coney Island, NY was built in 1884

39.  Early bicycles were often dangerous, which led only men to ride  The “safety bike” was built in 1885, which allowed more women to begin riding  Tennis also became a huge spectator sport in America around 1888  Products like Hershey chocolate bar and Coca- Cola premiered in 1900

40.  Boxing and baseball were the two most popular games to watch  Baseball clubs began springing up across the US  1869 a pro baseball team named the Cincinnati Red Stocking emerged  The National League formed in 1876, and the American League formed in 1900  The first World Series was held in 1903—the Boston Pilgrims beat the Pittsburgh Pirates The Boston Pilgrims, 1903

41.  Joseph Pulitzer bought the New York World newspaper in 1883— created a large Sunday edition, comics, sports, women’s news, etc.

42.  William Randolph Hearst bought the New York Morning News  He also owned the San Francisco Examiner  Looking to outsell Pulitzer, Hearst filled his newspaper with scandalous stories, cruelty, and other sinister stories that would sell his newspaper Hearst Castle, San Simeon, CA.

43.  The Ashcan School of American Art, led by Robert Henri, painted real-life scenes of urban America  Popular fiction about crime tales and Western adventures began to arise.  Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn about life on the Mississippi River is still a classic today.

44.  Urban Shopping- the first “shopping mall” opened in Cleveland, OH in 1890.  The Department Store: A one-stop-shop for women in Chicago in 1865  The Chain Store: The same stores in different cities: Woolworths by 1911 had 596 stores  Catalogs and RFD: Montgomery Ward and Sears and Roebuck sold goods through catalogs. The post office introduced rural-free delivery (RFD) to homes across America