1. Classifying Matter

2. Matter: substance that has mass and takes up space

3. States of Matter PhaseVolumeShapeStructure SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Draw an arrow next to the table above in the order of increasing energy.

4. Three States of Matter Plasma

5. Water in Three States Remember, because of the arrangement of the particles liquid water is more dense than solid water (ice)

7. solid liquidgas Phase Changes

8. Phase Diagrams phase diagram: graph that shows the relationship between phase of matter and the temperature and pressure of the substance. Used to identify boiling point/freezing point at any pressure

9. Three Imporant Lines Liquid-gas phase changes: Liquid-solid phase changes: Solid-gas phase changes

10. Two Important Points Triple Point : where all three lines meet, a specific temperature and pressure where all three phases exist at the same time

11. Two Important Points Critical Point : a specific temperature and pressure where the gas can no longer be turned into a liquid, above this point a substance becomes a supercritical fluid

12. “Normal” Conditions Occur at standard atmospheric pressure: 1 atm or 101.3 kPa  To identify the normal boiling point of a substance: Locate the line between liquid and gas, and identify the temperature at 101 kPa __________________  To identify the normal freezing point of a substance: Locate the line between liquid and solid, and identify the temperature at 101 kPa __________________

13. Practice

15. Matter Pure Substance - definite composition -cannot be physically separated Element -one type of atom Compound -two or more types of atoms chemically bonded Mixture -two or more varying parts -can be physically separated Homogeneous -evenly distributed -uniform properties Solution -very small particles -light passes through Heterogeneous -unevenly distributed -varying composition Suspension -large visible particles -particles settle out -blocks light Colloid -unevenly suspended particles -shows a visible beam of light (positive Tyndall Effect)

16. How do you classify matter? If it is a pure substance:  There is a fixed composition  There is a chemical formula If it is a mixture:  There is a varying composition  It is combined physically  It can be separated physically

17. How do you know if something is an element? The chemical formula shows only one type of atom How do you know if something is a compound? The chemical formula shows two or more elements combined

18. 1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture is the same throughout. 2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is unevenly distributed throughout. Examples: cookie dough ice cream, iron filings in sand Examples: soda, KoolAid Homogeneous OR Heterogeneous?

19. Tyndall Effect Scattering of light beam caused by the reflection from suspended particle If the light passes through the mixture with no visible beam, then the mixture is a SOLUTION If a mixture settles out and blocks the light, then it is a SUSPENSION If a mixture does not settle and shows a beam of light through it (positive tyndall effect), then it is a COLLOID

20. How do you know if it is a Solution? Uniformly Mixed One substance is dissolved in another solute: part of the mixture that gets dissolved solvent: part of the mixture that does the dissolving Tyndall Effect:

21. How do you know if it is a Suspension? Particles settle out Tyndall Effect:

22. How do you know if it is a Colloid? Particles unevenly distributed throughout Shows a beam of light Tyndall Effect:

23. Hom/Het?Soln/Susp/Coll? Fog_______________________ Paint _____________________ Syrup _______________________

25. Draw particles on note sheet.

26. Examples

28. Physical means: it can be separated into its pure components. magnet

29. Methods of Separation Techniques: Strainer Filtration Physical Evaporation Centrifuge Distillation PASTA/WATER SAND/IRON FILINGS SALT /WATER BLOODFOOD COLORING/WATER SAND/WATER

30. Petroleum Refining What is Petroleum? Pumped from underground Known as crude oil or “black gold” Greenish-brown to black color Thin as water or thick as soft tar Made up of HYDROCARBONS (compounds made of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms ONLY) Can be separated using FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

31. The separation of liquid substances according to their differing boiling points is called distillation.

32. The Distillation Set Up

33. During distillation, the vaporized molecules move upward in the distilling column. The smaller, lighter molecules have the lowest boiling points and either condense high in the column or drawn off the top of the tower as gases. Distillation Animation

35. physical property: characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. melting point, boiling point, density physical change: change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance. dissolving, cutting, melting, and boiling Physical Properties and Changes

36. chemical property: a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances Example: combustibility, reactivity chemical change: change in which one or more substances are converted into different substance Example: rusting, cooking food Chemical Properties and Changes

37. Evidence of a Chemical Change 1. Color change 2. Temperature change 3. Production of a gas 4. Change in odor 5. Formation of a precipitate  Precipitate: insoluble solid that separates out of solution

38. Solubility and Phase changes are PHYSICAL!!!!