1. WORLD SPACE PROGRAMS -Extending man’s knowledge of Earth,
the solar system and the universe….
REF: President Dwight D. Eisenhower
– First U.S. Government Space Program
Images: (President Eisenhower)
(Space image)

2. Introduction What are the principal reasons
The reasoning for establishing the U.S. Space
Program in 1958 hold true for the world today:
What are the principal reasons
for undertaking a national space program?
What can we expect to gain from space science and exploration?
What science facts and technology is needed for use in sound policy making?
Launch of Mercury-Atlas 7 Mission….NASA – First U.S. manned space program
REF:
Image:

3. Four Factors Man’s compelling urge to explore and to discover
These factors give importance, urgency
and inevitability to the advancement of
space technology:
Man’s compelling urge
to explore and to discover
Military defense objective
National prestige
New opportunities for scientific observation and experiment
REF:
Images: (ISS man peeking)
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION -- A Space Shuttle Discovery astronaut installs a special carrier on the International Space Station that houses Air Force Research Laboratory experiments. Laboratory scientists are studying a variety of materials and how they react to the space environment as part of the Materials on the International Space Station Experiment managed by the AFRL at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.(NASA photo)
(Man on Moon)

4. Cost Justification
“But if we have learned one lesson, it is that research and exploration have a remarkable way of paying off – quite aside from the fact that they demonstrate that man is alive and insatiably curious. And we all feel richer for knowing what explorers and scientists have learned about the universe in which we live…”
REF:
Image:
Where Did That Black Hole Come From?
Medium-size black holes actually do exist, according to the latest findings from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, but scientists had to look in some unexpected places to find them. The previously undiscovered black holes provide an important link that sheds light on the way in which black holes grow. Even more odd, these new black holes were found in the cores of glittering, 'beehive' swarms of stars called globular star clusters, which orbit our Milky Way and other galaxies.
G1 is a large globular cluster and harbors a hefty black hole, about 20, 000 times more massive than our Sun.
Credit: NASA/ESA and Michael Rich (UCLA)
Excerpt from “Introduction to Outer Space,”
the White House…1958

5. First Rocketry Theories
1903: Russian Mathematician, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky published the first serious work on space travel: “The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices.”
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
1920: Robert Goddard, an American Scientist, published “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes.” This was the first serious work on using rockets for space travel after Tsiolkovsky’s effort.
REF: Images: (Tsiolkovsky)
(Goddard)
REF:
While climbing a cherry tree to cut off dead limbs, he imagined, as he later wrote, "how wonderful it would be to make some device which had even the possibility of ascending to Mars, and how it would look on a small scale, if sent up from the meadow at my feet."[3] For the rest of his life he observed October 19 as "Anniversary Day", a private commemoration of the day of his greatest inspiration.
Robert Goddard

6. Space Program Origins
While the observation of objects in space (known as astronomy) pre-dates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large liquid-fueled rocket engines during the early 20th century that allowed space exploration to become a practical possibility.
A group of 500 German scientists, Verein fur Raumshiffarht (VfR), started to experiment with testing rockets in If rockets were launched fast enough, they would go up into space (per Newton). This changed the nature of warfare and propelled the world into the space age.
REF:
Image:
1926: Robert Goddard and the first liquid-fueled rocket, in Auburn, MA.

7. Operation Paperclip
German rocket scientists from Operation Paperclip…1946
REF: Image:
Towards the end of World War II, the US intelligence & military services extracted 104 scientists from Nazi Germany. They worked at White Sands Proving Grounds (NM) on test launches and at Ft. Bliss, TX for research. The Nazi V-2 rocket developed into the American Redstone rocket, used in the early space program.

8. World Space Programs Today
Many countries of the world have individual government -sponsored space programs… as well as there are group efforts that combine multi-national expertise…
Austria Australia Brazil Canada Chile China Czech Rep Europe France Germany Hungary India Indonesia Iran
Iraq Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Luxembourg Malaysia Mexico
Multi-national North Korea Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal
Russia Saudi Singapore S. Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan Thailand Turkey UAE UK Ukraine USA
REF: Aviation history:
Image:

9. World Spaceflight Highlights
1944: Nazi V-2 rocket… First man-made object to
cross the Karman line. (Sub-orbital)
1946: US V-2 rocket… First successful US
spaceflight – Army/General Electric. (Sub-orbital)
1957: R-7 Russian Sputnik… First successful
orbital satellite – started space race with US & was first comsat (communications satellite)
1957: R-7 Russian Sputnik II… First living
organism (dog) launched into space
1958: U.N. forms COPUOS (Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space) – currently there are 67 members
1958: NASA founded - U.S.
1958: US Explorer 1 (Juno1)… First American spacecraft in orbit – discovery of Van Allen belts
1958: US Project SCORE (Atlas B)… First U.S. Communications satellite
1959: US Pioneer 4 (Juno2)… First U.S. probe to escape from Earth’s gravity
REF: ;
Image:
(Nazi flag)
(48 star American flag) thru 1959
(UN logo)

10. Spaceflight Highlights
1959: US Explorer 6 (Thor Able)… First pix of Earth
from space
1959: SS-6/R-7 Russian Luna 2… First spacecraft to
reach the Moon – discovery of solar winds
1960 : Thor Able-2/ TIROS 1... First successful orbital weather satellite –NASA
1960: MIDAS-2… U.S. Air Force detection of IR sources
1961: Redstone (MRLV)… U.S. sent first chimpanzee in space
1961: Thor Able-Star/LEO… Exploration of radio wave propagation by U.S. NAVY
1961: Vostok 1… First manned spaceflight by Soviet Union
(Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin) –April 12, 1961
1961: Mercury-Redstone 3… First American in space
(Astronaut Alan Shepard) -May 5, 1961
Through 1962: Corona… First series of U.S. Spy Satellites
(single panoramic camera) by U.S. Air Force
Yuri Gagarin..
REF: ; ; ; ;
Image: (Venus)
(Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin)
(49 star U.S. flag) –1959 thru 1960
(50 star U.S. flag) –from 1961 to present
Venus…

11. Spaceflight Highlights
1962: Mercury Atlas-6… First American manned orbital space flight (Astronaut John Glenn)
1962: Mariner 2… First successful U.S. Venus mission (fly by)
1964: Ariel 1… First British space physics experiments in orbit through NASA
1962: Alouette 1… First Canadian Satellite through NASA
1962: Telstar… First Satellite to transmit high
speed data & telephone signals –AT&T, USA
1963: Cosmos 14… First Soviet weather satellite
1963: Vostok… First woman in space (Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova) – RVSN
1964: Voskhod 1,3… First multi-person space flight –RSVN
1965: Voskhod 2… First EVA (spacewalk) – RVSN –March 18, 1965
Valentina Tereshkova…
REF: ; ; ; ;
Images: (Tereshkova)
(Verera 4)
(Brittish flag)
–thru 1964
(Canadian flag) to present
Verera 4

12. Spaceflight Highlights
1965: Gemini 4… First American spacewalk – NASA –June 3, 1965
1965: INTELSAT 1… First commercial communications satellite –Hughes Aircraft/USA
1966: Gemini 8… First docking in space (with GATV –NASA
1967: Soviet Venera 4… Direct atmospheric study on Venus –first successful probe of environment on another planet -RSVN
1967: Orbita… First national network of satellite tv systems -Soviet
1968: Apollo 8… First manned mission to the moon –NASA
1969: Soyuz 4 & 5… First manned docking between two spacecrafts – RSVN
1969: Apollo 11… First manned lunar landing -NASA
Astronauts: Commander Neil Alden Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins & Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene ‘Buzz’ Aldrin, Jr.
1970: Dong Fang Hong 1… First Satellite launched by China –PRC (Peoples’ Republic of China)
1970: Uhuru… First satellite dedicated to X-Ray astronomy –NASA
REF: ; ; ; ;
; ; ;
Images: (Stepping on to Moon) - Apollo 11
Apollo 11 landing on Moon

13. Spaceflight Highlights
1970: Apollo 13… Furthest distance traveled by
space crew -401,056 km.
1971: Salyut 1 Space Station… First space station -RSVN
1971: IMEWS 2… First early warning defense satellite
–US Air Force
1971: UN Program on Space Applications established
1971: Mariner 9… First Martian orbiter –NASA
1971: Soyuz 11… First manned space station -RVSN
1971: Prospero… First British launched satellite
(for micrometeorite detection)
1972: Venera 8… Atmospheric probe (50 min.) on
Venerian Surface
1972: Pioneer 10… First spacecraft to travel through the asteroid belt and make direct observations of Jupiter -NASA
1973: Prognoz 3… Solar flare detection –RASA (Russian)
1973: Nauka… Gamma Ray Telescope in space –Russian
1973: DSP F-4… Missile Early Warning Detection Test –US Air Force
Pioneer 10 Flyby Deep Space
(artist’s sketch)
REF: ; : ; ; ;
Image:
(UN flag)

14. Spaceflight Highlights
1973: Explorer 29… Entered Selenocentric orbit (radio telescope –NASA
1974: Aerobee 200-A… Aeronomy/UV astronomy –NASA
1974: Mariner 10… First flyby of Mercury –NASA
1976: Ekran… First direct to home tv satellite –RSVN
1976: Palapa A1… First communications satellites launched by (separately) Indonesia, Arab League and Turkey
1979: Soyez 33… First Austrian in space - Franz Artur Viehböck
1980: Soyez 6… First Asian in space –Pham Tuan (Vietnam)
1980: Soyez 38… First Cuban in space –Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez
1981: Columbia… STS-1 Maiden Flight of Space Shuttle –US Space Alliance
1981: Voyager 2… Flyby of Saturn –NASA
1982: Anik C-3… Used to distribute Canada’s first pay tv networks –Telesat Canada
1982: Venera 13… Lands on Venus –Soviet
1983: First US woman in space –Astronaut Sally Ride
1984: STS-41-B… First untethered spacewalk –NASA
Photo of Venus land from Venera 13
REF: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Image:
Saturn photo, by Voyager 2

15. Spaceflight Highlights
1984: Salyut-7… First Indian to travel in space –Rakesh Sharma
1985: STS-51-G… First Arab, Muslim, Saudi and royal to travel in space -Sultan Bin Salman Bin Aldulaziz Al Saud –NASA
1985: STS-51-G… First African-born man to travel in space -Patrick Baudry (Cameroon)
1985: STS-61-B… First Mexican-born man to travel in space –Rodolfo Neri Vela
1986: Voyager 2… Closest approach to Uranus discovers 10 new moons –NASA
1988: Mir Soyuz TM-6… First Afghan in space -Abdul Ahad Mohmand
1989: Voyager 2… Closest view of Neptune –NASA
1990: Soyuz TM-11… First paying space traveler -Toyohiro Akiyama (Japan)
1991: Project Juno; Soyuz TM-12… First Briton to travel in space -Helen Sharman
1992: AP-MCSTA (Asian-Pacific Multilateral Space Technology Cooperative Symposium) is formed in the region.
1992: STS First Belgian in space -Dirk Fremut, (US launch)
REF: ; ;
; ; ; ;
; ; ; ;
Image:
(APMLSTCS logo)
Near Earth Asteroid Eros as seen from the NEAR spacecraft.

16. Spaceflight Highlights
1993: TDRS 6 (STS-54)… Tracking and Delay Relay Satellite launched to support ISS & communications satellite network –NASA & U.S. Govt.
1993: STS-55… Reusable German Spacelab on shuttle and International cooperation demonstrated (11 countries; 88 experiments)
1994: Discovery… First mission of the Shuttle-Mir Program – started a cooperative effort in space flight between
Russia and the US –Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev
1995: Mir Exhibition 18…
1995: Fasat-Alfa… First Chilean Satellite –VKS
1996: Sojourner… First Mars Rover –NASA
1996: STS-76… First Shuttle-Mir EVA -NASA/Russia
1996: NEAR… First robotic space probe to orbit & land on as asteroid (Eros) -NASA
1997: HALCA (Haluka)… First launch of Japanese M-V solid fuel rocket family for radio astronomy satellite research -ISAS
1997: Earthview 01… First burial in space of human remains -Gene Roddenberry (Creator of Star Trek), Gerard O’Neill (Space Physicist), Krafft Ehricke (rocket Scientist), Timothy Leary (writer, psychologist, & drug campaigner) –Space Services Inc.
REF: ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ;
Images: (NEAR)
(Eros)
(Huygens surface color)
Huygens surface color on Titan…

17. Spaceflight Highlights
1997: Cassini… First spacecraft to enter Saturian orbit via heliocentric orbit
1997: Huygens… First spacecraft to land on Titan (Saturn’s largest moon)
1998: Nilesat1… First Egyptian Satellite –Nilesat
1998: Tubsat N… First orbital launch from a
submarine –TUB (German)
1998: Kwangmyousong1… First attempt for North Korea to orbit a spacecraft (not succesful)
1998: STS-95; 7… First Spanish astronaut –Pedro Duque
1999: Athena-1… First Taiwanese satellite
1999: Soyuz-U… Final operational crew on Mir -RKA
2000: ISS… First resident crew on International Space Shuttle –NASA, RKA, JAXA, CSA, ESA
2000: NEAR Shoemaker… First landing on an asteroid
2000: Columbia LC39-B… First female shuttle commander
NEAR
Eros
REF: ; ; ; ; ; TUB: ;
; ; :
Images: (NEAR)
(Eros)
ISS
Pedro Duque

18. Spaceflight Highlights
2000: Dnepr… First Malaysian satellite
2000: 100th flight of space shuttle program –NASA –Oct. 24th
2001: Soyuz TM-32… First privately funded person to travel in outer space –Dennis Tito (American); Cost: between $12–20 million
2002: Soyuz TM-34… First South African to travel in space –Mark Shuttleworth
2003: Hayabusa (Japanese for Peregrine Falcon)… Launch of first mission to return a sample from asteroid Itokowa -JAXA
2003: Cubesats… Launch of first picosatellites (5 university and 1 commercial) for research purposes –German
2003: Spitzer Space Telescope… Last of NASA’s Great Observatories (IR) launched into space
2004: Flight 15P… First privately-funded human spaceflight –Astronaut Michael Melvill; Scaled Composite,CA
2004: Messenger… Launch of first mission to orbit Mercury –NASA
Artist’s sketch of Spitzer spacecraft…
REF: ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
; ;
Image: (Spitzer Image)
Image creadit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/L. Allen (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA) & Gould's Belt Legacy Team
(Spitzer sketch) - NASA/JPL-Caltech
(Melvill)
Spitzer image of new cloud formation in Serpens South
Astronaut Micheal Melvill

19. Spaceflight Highlights
2004: Spirit & Opportunity… Rovers land on Mars –NASA
2005: Huygens… Separated from Cassini & landed on Saturn’s moon, Titan -NASA/ESA
2005: Sina-1… Launch of first Iranian artificial satellite (Russian launch)
2006: New Horizons… Launch of mission to Pluto (target arrival 2015) -NASA
2006: ISS Expedition 13… First Brazilian in space
–Marcos Pontes (Russian launch)
2006: KazSat-1… First Kazakh satellite -Government of Kazakhastan (Russian launch)
2006: Stardust… First mission to return sample
cosmic dust to Earth -NASA
2006: First Iranian in space -Anousheh Ansari انوشه انصاری (Russian launch)
2006: Genesis 1… First experimental commercial space habitat (Russian launch)
Surface of Jupiter –New Horizons probe
REF: ; ;
; ; ; ;
; ; ; ;
Reactions in Iran
Reactions to the flight in Ansari's native Iran were generally mixed. On one hand it was given significant coverage by state television. IRIB aired a live 1 hour interview with Anousheh in Aseman-e-Shab (Night Sky) live show. Anousheh was praised by newspapers such as Hambastegi and Jam-e-Jam Daily, which published daily columns detailing the journey. The astronomy magazine NOJUM also published an exclusive interview of Pouria Nazemi with Anousheh before her trip, in which she discussed her vision for commercial spaceflight. NOJUM also organized and held gatherings when the ISS passed over Iran's cities. Shahram Yazdanpanah, made a special part about Anousheh's trip to space at Persian "Space Science" website and covered all the news of trip.
On the other hand, this broad coverage was criticized by others such as Jomhoury Eslami, which fears this hype will set a bad example for young Iranians.[30]
Images: (Stardust)
(Opportunity)
(Surface of Jupiter)
-Jupiter detail via LEISA infrared camera, re-mapped to visible colors and contrast-enhanced. Taken by the New Horizons probe.
(Anousheh Ansari)
Anousheh Ansari
Artist’s conception of Stardust spacecraft
Artist’s sketch of Mars Opportunity Rover

20. Spaceflight Highlights
2006: ISS Expedition 14… First female space tourist -Sunita Williams NASA
2006: TacSat-2/GeneSat-1… First launch from MARS (Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport) – commercial site near NASA Wallops Flight Facility (VA)
2007: SRE-1… First Indian spacecraft
recovery.
2007: Kavesh… First successful Iranian
scientific launch. -IARI
2007: Liberdad 1… First Colombian
satellite. (Russian launch)
2007: Yaogan 2… 100th successful
Chinese orbital launch -CNSA
2007: ISS Expedition 16… First Malaysian in space; -Dr. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor (Guest of Russian Government)
2008: Chandrayaan-1… India launches mission to study Moon
Sunita Williams
REF: ; ; ;
In July 2003, Governors Ehrlich of Maryland and Mark Warner of Virginia signed an agreement that directed the Secretary of Commerce and Trade of Virginia and the Secretary of Business and Economic Development of Maryland to form a working group to develop a concept and implementation plan for joint governance, operation and administration of the commercial spaceport at Wallops Island. The spaceport, then known as the Virginia Space Flight Center, had been developed, with a combination of federal, state and private sector funding, by the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority (VCSFA). Website:
Image: (Sunita Williams)
(MARS site & Wallops Flight Facility)
REF:
(Dr. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor)
Since Sheikh Muszaphar is a Muslim, and as his time in space coincided with the last part of Ramadan, the Islamic National Fatwa Council drew up the first comprehensive guidebook for Muslims in space.[1][3] The 18-page guidebook is titled "Guidelines for Performing Islamic Rites (Ibadah) at the International Space Station", and details issues such as how to pray in a low-gravity environment, how to locate Mecca from the ISS, how to determine prayer times, and issues surrounding fasting. The orbit of the ISS results in one day/night cycle every 90 minutes,[1][25] so the issues of fasting during Ramadan are also addressed. The guidebook will be translated into Russian, Arabic, and English.[7][26] Anan C. Mohd, from Malaysia's Department of Islamic Development said that fasting while traveling is optional, so Sheikh Muszaphar could choose what he would like to do, but if he did decide to fast in space, the times would be centered around local time in Baikonur, where the launch takes place.[27][28] Sheikh Muszaphar celebrated Eid ul-Fitr aboard the station, and packed some satay and cookies to hand out to the rest of the crew on October 13, 2007 to mark the end of Ramadan.[29]
MARS launch site in VA….
Dr. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor

21. Spaceflight Highlights
2007: Chang’e 1… First Chinese lunar probe -CNSA
2007: AEGIS… First Japanese ABM test
(used American technology)
2007: EPOXI… Deep Impact Flyby of Earth –NASA
2008: Soyez-TMN-12… First second generation
cosmonaut in space -Sergey Volkov (Russian)
2008: Soyez-TMN-12… First South Korean in
space -Yi So-yeon 이소연 (Russian launch)
Astronaut Yi So-yeon…
REF: ; ;
Deep Impact flew by Earth on December 31, 2007 on its way to an extended mission called EPOXI with a dual purpose to study extrasolar planets and comet Hartley 2.[2]
Image: (Deep Impact sketch)
REF: ; ;
Image: (Yi So-yeon)
REF:
Image: (Volkov)
Sergey Volkov
Artist’s sketch of Deep Impact…

22. World Launch Sites
REF: Images: (world launch sites)
Although there are many countries involved in space exploration, only the following ones have launch sites:
Brazil (1), China (3), European Space Agency (ESA-1), India (1),
Israel (1), Italy (1), Japan (2), Russia (4) and the US (3).

23. World Launch Sites’ Space Programs
REF: Image:
Space Shuttle launch as seen from the ISS…

24. BRAZIL
OVERALL GOALS:
Establish the scientific and technical competence in the space area which would make it possible for Brazil to act with real autonomy in some well identified situations, including the selection of technological solutions to Brazilian problems and the international negotiations, agreements and treaties.
Promote the development of space systems, and related ground infrastructure, that may provide data and services desired by Brazil.
Prepare the Brazilian industry to participate and become
competitive in the market for space goods and services.
Launch at Centro de Lançamento da Barreira do Inferno - CLBI
REF:

25. BRAZIL INPE: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)
1961: GOCNAE (Grupo de Organizacao da Comissao Nacional de Atividades Espaciais) –Group for the Organization of the National Space Activities Commission (forerunner to INPE) is started.
1965: First campaigns for launching work-loaded
probing rockets
1969: Remote Sensing activities started
1988: Brazil begins work with China in satellite development
1993: First launch of wholly Brazilian satellite by INPE (in USA)
1994: Civilian Authority overseen by President: AEB
2005: INPE reaches 100 thousand images – makes
it the largest CBERS world distributor
2006: First Brazilian space astronaut in space -Marcos Pontes (Russian launch to ISS
2008: INPE distributes more than half a million CBERS images via internet
Marcos Pontes
REF: ; ;
Images: (Marcos Pontes)
(CLBI) ttp://
(CBERS logo)
(AEB logo)
(INPE logo)
Website:

26. CHINA
BACKGROUND
KT-1 …2001
Since it’s birth in 1956, China's space industry was developed on the basis of weak infrastructure industries and a relatively backward scientific & technological level, under special national and historical conditions. In the process of carrying out space activities independently, China has opened a road of development unique to its national situation and scored a series of important achievements with relatively small input and within a relatively short span of time. Now, China ranks among the most advanced countries in the world in many important technological fields: satellite recovery, multi-satellite launch with a single rocket, rockets with cryogenic fuel, strap-on rockets, launch of geo-stationary satellites and TT&C. Significant achievements have also been gained in the development and application of remote-sensing satellites and telecommunications satellites, and in manned spacecraft testing and space micro-gravity experiments.
REF: ;
Note: Tsien Hsue-Shen was deported from the United States after being accused of being a communist during the red scare. ;
Image:
Image:

27. CHINA CNSA: China National Space Administration
The CNSA policy white paper lists short term goals as:
Build a long term earth observation system
Set up an independent satellite telecommunications network
Establish an independent satellite navigation and positioning system
Provide commercial launch services
Set up a remote sensing system
Study space science such as microgravity, space materials, life sciences, and astronomy
Plan for exploration of the moon
Among their stated longer term goals are:
Improve their standing in the world of space science
Establish a manned space station.
Conduct manned missions to the moon.
Establish a manned lunar base.
Achieve marketization & industrialization of space technology & apps.
REF: ;
Note: Tsien Hsue-Shen was deported from the United States after being accused of being a communist during the red scare. ; ;
Image: (Site Maps)
(Logo)
Website:

28. CHINA
CNSA
1956: The first space program in China was aimed at developing China's aviation, guided missiles, rockets and missile defense needs by the Central Defense Commission.
1960: China’s first ever T-7M sounding rocket was successfully launched from the Nanhui launch site
1968: 航天医学工程研究所… China’s Space Medical Institute
was founded
1970: 東方紅… First Chinese satellite launched
-Dong Fang Hong I
1975: 返回式卫星… First recoverable satellite by China
1985: China started commercial launch program for
Asian and European interests
1985: Challenger STS-51-B… Taylor Wang is first
Chinese-born man (US citizen) in space
2003: Yang Liwei is first Chinese man sent into space by the Chinese space program
2006: Chang'e-1… First Lunar probe project
2008: Shenzhou 7… First spacewalk (EVA) for China
Yang Liwei
Taylor Gun-Jin Wang
REF: ;
Note: Tsien Hsue-Shen was deported from the United States after being accused of being a communist during the red scare. ;
Image: -Yáng Lìwěi is the first man sent into space by the Chinese space program (3rd country)
(lunar image) from Chang’e-1;

29. ESA: European Space Agency
GOALS & AIMS
The European Space Agency (ESA) is Europe’s gateway to space. Its mission is to shape the development of Europe’s space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the citizens of Europe and the world.
Shot of Europe from space … ESA
Maintain scientific & research projects
Engage in astronomy space missions
Design, develop & test technology for manned Mars mission in 2030 (not with NASA due to prohibitive U.S. technology sharing laws)
REF: ;
The European Space Agency (ESA), established in 1974, is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member states. Headquartered in Paris, ESA has a staff of close to 2,000 with an annual budget of about €2.9 billion in 2007.
ESA's main spaceport is the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, a site made available by France. It is close to the equator, hence commercially important orbits are easier to access. ESA became the market leader in commercial space launches in the 1990s. In recent years, ESA has also established itself as a major player in space exploration.
ESA science missions are based at ESTEC in Noordwijk, Netherlands, Earth Observation missions at ESRIN in Frascati, Italy, ESA Mission Control (ESOC) is in Darmstadt, Germany, and the European Astronaut Centre (EAC), that trains astronauts for future missions is situated in Cologne, Germany. ;
Image: (Earth)
(EU flag)

30. ESA: European Space Agency
Europe formed two organizations to establish a European Space
Program: European Launch Development Organization (ELDO)
and European Space Research Organization (ESRO).
1966: European Space Research Organization formally established (17 member states; headquartered in Paris; main spaceport in Guiana; Mission Control & Astronaut Centre in Germany; Earth observing missions in Italy).
1968: European Space Research & Technology Centre (ESTEC) formed (Netherlands)
1971: Prospero… First UK Satellite launched
1974: ESA Established – intergovernmental organization dedicated to space exploration.
Founding members: Belgium, Germany, Denmark, France, UK, Italy,
the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and Spain.
1975: European Space Agency formed
(11 European nations)
REF: ;
The European Space Agency (ESA), established in 1974, is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member states. Headquartered in Paris, ESA has a staff of close to 2,000 with an annual budget of about €2.9 billion in 2007.
ESA's main spaceport is the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, a site made available by France. It is close to the equator, hence commercially important orbits are easier to access. ESA became the market leader in commercial space launches in the 1990s. In recent years, ESA has also established itself as a major player in space exploration.
ESA science missions are based at ESTEC in Noordwijk, Netherlands, Earth Observation missions at ESRIN in Frascati, Italy, ESA Mission Control (ESOC) is in Darmstadt, Germany, and the European Astronaut Centre (EAC), that trains astronauts for future missions is situated in Cologne, Germany. ;
Image: (ESA logo)
(launch) - Credits: ESA/CNES/ARIANESPACE-Service Optique CSG
View of the Ariane-5 ECA Flight 164 launch on 12 February 2005 from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana.
Ariane-5 ECA Flight 164 launch… 2005
Website:

31. ESA: European Space Agency
HIGHLIGHTS
Ulf Merbold, German
1975: COS-B… First ESA science mission: detect
& map gamma ray emissions across the universe.
1978: IUE… First astronomical satellite in high Earth orbit.
1983: Ulf Merbold –First ESA astronaut in space (German)
1986: GIOTTO… First deep-space mission (passed close to Comet Halley) and robotic spacecraft found first evidence of organic material in a comet.
2007: Corot… -First detection of extrasolar planet (French led)
(Expected) 2010: Cupoloa… Observatory module for direct view of ISS robotics and Earth
REF: ;
The European Space Agency (ESA), established in 1974, is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member states. Headquartered in Paris, ESA has a staff of close to 2,000 with an annual budget of about €2.9 billion in 2007.
ESA's main spaceport is the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, a site made available by France. It is close to the equator, hence commercially important orbits are easier to access. ESA became the market leader in commercial space launches in the 1990s. In recent years, ESA has also established itself as a major player in space exploration.
ESA science missions are based at ESTEC in Noordwijk, Netherlands, Earth Observation missions at ESRIN in Frascati, Italy, ESA Mission Control (ESOC) is in Darmstadt, Germany, and the European Astronaut Centre (EAC), that trains astronauts for future missions is situated in Cologne, Germany.
; ;
Image: (Earth)
( Ulf Me4rbold)
Ulf Merbold became the first ESA astronaut to fly into space

32. FRANCE
GOALS & AIMS
Its task is to invent the space systems of the future, bring space
technologies to maturity and guarantee France’s independent
access to space.
CNES is helping to foster new technologies that will benefit
society as a whole, focusing on:
Access to space
Civil applications of space
Sustainable development
Science and technology research
Security and defense
Veronique, 1959
REF: ; ; ;
Image:

33. FRANCE CNES: Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales
Jean-Loup Chretien
1949: Veronique… First flight test for first French rocket. The full-scaled Veronique launched in 1952
1958: CERN… First co-operative European scientific lab developed due to large number of scientists leaving Europe after WWII.
1961: CNES founded
1965: Aesterix 1… First French satellite launched -FRANCE
1982: Salyut 7…. Jean-Loup Chretien is first Western European in space –French Air Force, CNES (Soviet vehicle)
2001: CNES transfers all projects to ESA
REF: ; ; ;
Image: (Jean-Loup Chretien)
(cnes logo)
Website:

34. INDIA
GOALS & AIMS
Launch pad at Sriharikota
Develop space technology and its application to various national tasks.
Two major space systems:
INSAT for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services
Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system for resources monitoring and management.
Developed two satellite launch vehicles, PSLV and GSLV, to place INSAT and IRS satellites in the required orbits.
REF: ; ; ;
Image:
(flag)

35. INDIA ISRO: Indian Space Research Organization
1962: Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was founded –led by founding father, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai
1969: Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was founded
1972: India develops its own Department of Space
1975: Aryabhata… First Indian satellite launched from Russian site
1980: Rohini 1… First Satellite launched into space – INDIA
1984: Saylut 7… First Indian in space -Rakesh Sharma
2007: SRE-1… Experimental space capsule that was launched, remained in space for 12 days and re-entered for research before manned mission occurs (expected by 2015)
2008: CARTOSAT-2A, IMS1 & 8 foreign nano satellites …launched from Shriharikota
2008: MIP & Chandrayaan-I… First Indian spacecraft to land on Moon
Rakesh Sharma
REF: ; ;
; ; ; ;
Image: (logo)
(Rakesh Sharma)
Website:

36. ISRAEL VISION & MAIN GOALS
Ofeq 7…2007
"Space research and exploration is an essential instrument for the defense of life on Earth; the lever for technological progress; the key to existing in a modern society; essential for developing an economy based on knowledge; and the central attraction for scientific and qualified human resources.“
Preserve and broaden the comparative advantage of Israel & to place it among the group of leading countries in the space research and exploration area.
Build & support satellite systems for space & Earth research from space.
Develop technologies, knowledge & scientific infrastructure (including laboratories and human resources) required for space research.
Promote international cooperation in space research & exploration, and for strengthening Israel’s national interests.
Promote ties between Israeli society, space research, & exploration.
ISA has signed cooperation agreements with the space agencies of: USA (NASA), France (CNES), Canada (CSA), India (ISRO), Germany (DLR), Ukraine (NSAU), Russia (RKA), Netherlands (NIVR) and Brazil (AEB).
REF:
Image: (Launch)
(Flag)

37. ISRAEL ISA: Israeli Space Agency
Ilan Ramon
TECSAR Hi Res Imaging
1983: Israeli Space Agency (ISA; hebrew: סוכנות החלל הישראלית) founded
1988: Ofeq 1… First Israeli satellite launched into space
1992: SDS-107… First Israeli science experiment on an American Space Shuttle
1995: Ofeq 3… First Israeli reconnaissance satellite
2002: Ofeq 5… Demonstrated ICBM potential
2003: Columbia/NASA… First Israeli astronaut (Ilan Ramon)
2003: TAUVEX... Jt. development w/ India of satellite telescope.
(Expected) 2009: Opsat Satellite… High resolution new generation remote optical sensing
Website:
REF: ;
Image: (TECSAR) cut image
(Ilan Ramon)
(ISA logo)

38. ITALY
BACKGROUND
San Marco platform, near Kenya
The Italian Space Agency came into being in Its purpose was to coordinate all of Italy’s efforts and investments in the space sector that had begun in the 1960s. Today, ASI has a key role at the European level where Italy is the third contributor country to the European Space Agency (ESA). It also is involved at the international level. For example, ASI has a close working relationship with NASA, which has led to its participation in many of the most interesting scientific missions (including Cassini-Huygens, ISS, etc.) of recent years.
REF:
It was a former oil platform, located to the north of Cape Ras Ngomeni on the coastal sublittoral of Kenya, at 2°56′18″S, 40°12′45″E, close to the equator (which is an energetically favourable location for rocket launches). Launches from the platform were controlled from the Santa Rita platform, a second former oil platform located southeast of the San Marco platform.
Image: (San Marco platform) also known as Luigi Broglio Space Centre.
(launch image)

39. ITALY ASI: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
1964: San Marco… Italy’s first satellite – part of European (ESA) space efforts (US -launched)
1988: ASI founded
1991: ItalSat F1… first launch for ASI
1992: Tethered 1… First Italian to travel in space -Franco Malerba
1996: Beppo Sax… Mission to learn about gamma ray bursts – served as input for NASA’s SWIFT and ASI’s AGILE projects
2000: SRTM Mission… led to COSMO – the first global 3D planet mapping.
2001: ISS… First Italian to travel to ISS –Umberto Guidoni
2004: Rosetta Probe…. Launched to collect samples from comet (expected 2014)
2007: AGILE… Fully Italian satellite launched that studies X and Gamma ray emissions
Rosetta Probe
REF:
Image: (logo) – artist sketch
Website:

40. JAPAN
VISION
S-520 … 2008
Build a secure & prosperous society through the utilization of aerospace technology
Prepare for the unraveling of the mysteries of the universe and for lunar utilization, in order to seek the origins of the Earth and humankind
Implement world-class space transportation and Japan’s indigenous space activities
Develop aerospace as Japan’s next key industry
Establish Japan’s aviation industry & develop supersonic aircraft
REF: ; ;
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Image:

41. JAPAN JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 宇宙航空研究開発機構
Motto: “Reaching for the skies, exploring space…”
Mamoru Mohri
1970: Osumi… First Japanese satellite launched
1985: Suisei & Sakigake… First Japanese missions beyond Earth for observation of Halley’s Comet
1990: Soyuz TM-11… First Japanese person in space (commercial venture)
1992: STS-47… First Japanese astronaut: Mamoru Mohri
2003: Three Japanese organizations merge to form JAXA: Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL), and National Space Development Agency (NASDA).
2006: Launch of HINODE (Solar-B) for observation
of solar effects on the Earth –UK, Japan & US
REF: ; ;
; ; ;
Images: (Mohri)
(HINODE)
(logo)
Website:
HINODE

42. RUSSIA
MAJOR TRENDS
Launch site at Baikonur
Vostok-1
Monitor natural environment and control critical emergencies
Global positioning of high precision coordinate & time data and enhance space navigation system
Support global communications & TV broadcasting
Evolve orbital mission crews and support international collaborative efforts on ISS development
Evolve space technologies and production of materials with unique properties
Create and enhance space vehicles, launchers and ground objects of the space infrastructure and ground experimental facilities through technological developments
Research markets
Study: exoatmospheric astrophysics,
planetology, space biology, physiology
& materials science
REF: ; ; ;
Image:
(Cosmodromes)
Russian cosmodrome sites…

43. RUSSIA RKA: Russian Federal Space Agency
Laika
Korolev
1921: Tikhomirov’s rocket development lab is established in Moscow. This marked the initial consideration of the multistage rocket.
1927: Moscow… World’s first exposition of technology for interplanetary travel.
1935: Soviet intelligence learns of development of German secret missile.
1946: Soviet government launches a missile development program, based upon German technology (post WWII)
1950: Soviets develop long range missile program –Sergei Korolev
1957: Sputnik 1… First artificial satellite ever
launched and started “Space Race” with the U.S.
1957: Sputnik 2… Proved living being could be
launched into space and survive weightlessness
Laika, the dog … -served as precursor to human missions
REF: ; ; ;
Image: (Korolev)
(map of Poland)
(logo)
Site of German missile testing… 1943

44. RUSSIA
HIGHLIGHTS
Valentina Tereshkova
Yuri Gagarin
1961: Voskok 3KA-2… First human ever to travel into space
-Yuri Gagarin
1963: Voskok 6… First woman ever to travel in space -Valentina Tereshkova
1971: DOS-7K… First Soviet space station launched
1975: 7K-TM… Docked with Apollo
: MIR… First permanent base in space
1992: International Space Shuttle… Russia joins forces on work on ISS –use of Soyuz spacecraft & ISS docking with MIR
2003: Soyuz… Russia launches first spacecraft from Kourou, French Guiana
2005: Russia launches ESA’s Venus Express
2009: (Expected) Russia to launch spacecraft for
study of Mars & its Moon, Phobos
REF: ;
; ;
Image: (Yuri Gagarin)
(Valentina Tereshkova)
(DOS-7K) – credit: Khrunichev
DOS-7K

45. USA
MAJOR TRENDS
First Human extra-vehicular spaceflight
– Gemini 4; Ed White - Astronaut
NASA's mission is to pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research.
AERONAUTICS: pioneers and proves new flight technologies that improve our ability to explore and which have practical applications on Earth.
EXPLORATION SYSTEMS: creates new capabilities and spacecraft for affordable, sustainable human and robotic exploration.
SCIENCE: explores the Earth, moon, Mars and beyond; charts the best route of discovery; and reaps the benefits of Earth and space exploration for society.
SPACE OPERTIONS: provides critical enabling technologies for much of the rest of NASA through the space shuttle, the International Space Station and flight support.
REF: ;
Image: (Ed White)

46. USA NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration HIGHLIGHTS
President Eisenhower creates NASA
1958 – NASA is established
1961 – Freedom 7… First American in Space –Alan B. Shepard, Jr.
1961 – President Kennedy announces plan for U.S. to have a person make it to the moon within the decade
1962 – Friendship 7… First American to orbit in space
-John H. Glenn, Jr.
NASA announces search for scientist-astronauts
1967 – NASA Administrator, James Webb,
advocated enlisting help of universities for
lunar science studies
1969 – Apollo 11/Columbia & Eagle – First manned
lunar landing , EVA exploration & safe return
1963 – President Kennedy calls for cooperative
efforts in space discovery between the U.S. and Soviets
Website:
REF: ; ; ;
Image: (NASA logo)
(acrylic)"The Hammer and the Feather" (48" x 37 1/2", Acrylic on Masonite) by Astronaut Alan Bean.
Apollo 15 commander David R. Scott confirms Galileo's hypothesis that in the absense of air resistance all objects fall with the same velocity. A geologic hammer in Scott's right hand and a falcon feather in his left hand reached the surface of the moon at the same time (see chapter 13). The demonstration was performed before the television camera on the lunar roving vehicle, and no photographs were made.
(Pres. Eisenhower & NASA staff) – Credit: NASA
NASA was created on Oct. 1, 1958, to perform civilian research related to space flight and aeronautics. President Dwight D. Eisenhower commissioned Dr. T. Keith Glennan, right, as the first administrator for NASA and Dr. Hugh L. Dryden as deputy administrator.
Apollo 15 – David Scott … “The Hammer and the Feather.”

47. USA HIGHLIGHTS 1983 – Sally Ride… First American woman in space
1999 – NASA remote sensing technology (LiDAR ) helps forest rangers monitor wildlife (i.e. CA Spotted Owls) habitats from the sky
2002 – NASA’s Aster image demonstrates extent of Colorado’s Hayman fires
IKONOS satellite helps NASA scientists and
U of NH students locate over 1,000 yrs . old Mayan
ruins in Guatemala
2006 – First HDTV broadcast from space (ISS)
to Earth
Phoenix… Launch of spacecraft
to dig N section of Mars for
soil samples
Sally Ride – Challenger 1983
CA Spotted Owls
REF: ; ; ;
Image: (Sally )
(IKONOS Shot of Mayan ruins)
(CA Spotted Owl)
(Aster image Hayman fires)
(First HDTV broadcast from space)
The two HDTV broadcasts featured Expedition 14 Commander Michael Lopez-Alegria on the International Space Station, with Flight Engineer Thomas Reiter serving as camera operator aboard the 220-mile-high laboratory.
(Phoenix)
Aster image of
Hayman fires in CO
IKONOS satellite false color view of deep rainforest Mayan ruin of Tikal…
HDTV broadcast – Times Square, NY
Phoenix photo on Mars surface

48. USA
HIGHLIGHTS
Hubble shot of cavernous star-forming region of NGC 3324, blasted out by intense stellar radiation. 10/2008
2007 –Dawn… Successful launch for rendezvous and orbit of 2 asteroids for research of their internal structures
2007 –STEREO… First 3D images of Solar UV rays
2008 –SOHO… Finds 1500th comet
2008 –U.S. House of Representatives extends waiver to the Iran, North Korea & Syria Nonproliferation Act, allowing NASA to purchase seats on the Russian Soyuz spacecrafts through July 2016.
2008 –MRO/HIRISE… Evidence found of early water on MARS
2008 –SWIFT… Most distant gamma -ray burst ever detected -NASA
2008 –Hubble celebrates 10 years in space
2008 –NASA is 50 years old
SWIFT shot of GRB
REF: ;
GRB 's "lookback time" reveals that the burst occurred less than 825 million years after the universe began.
The SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is celebrating the discovery of 1,500 comets since the mission began 13 years ago, making it more successful than all other comet discoverers throughout history put together.
The scientific objectives of the mission are to characterize the asteroids' internal structure, density, shape, size, composition and mass and to return data on surface morphology, cratering, and magnetism. These measurements will help determine the thermal history, size of the core, role of water in asteroid evolution and what meteorites found on Earth come from these bodies, with the ultimate goal of understanding the conditions and processes present at the solar system's earliest epoch and the role of water content and size in planetary evolution.
-STEREO
Image: (Hubble shot) -NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
(SWIFT) -Credit NASA
(MRO/HIRISE shot)
MRO/HIRISE photo of possible
canyon/canal sites on MARS

49. USA NASA Celebrates 50 Years of Space Exploration & Discovery
REF:
Image: (NASA event at Smithsonian)
(Projection from ISS)
Expedition 17 Flight Engineer
Greg Chamitoff addresses the group
from the ISS…
Oct. 1, 2008: NASA celebrated its 50th Anniversary at the Smithsonian’s National Air & Space Museum Steven F. Udvar -Hazy Center

50. USA
FUTURE GOALS
In the next 20 years, NASA will be laying the groundwork for sending
humans not only beyond Earth's orbit, but further into to space than
they've ever been. The next key steps are:
Complete the International Space Station and retire the Space Shuttle by 2010
Begin robotic missions to the Moon by 2008 and return people there by 2020
Continue robotic exploration of Mars and the Solar System
Develop a crew exploration vehicle and other
technologies required to send people beyond
low Earth orbit by 2014
Kepler Mission -2009… For Extrasolar
Terrestrial Planet Detection
Full Moon
REF:
Images: (Sketch of CEV)
(Moon)

51. USA FUTURE NASA PROJECTS
Broaden programs in science and aeronautics, while focusing the human spaceflight endeavors on exploration
Develop and expand partnerships with private industries
Develop a program to return humans to the Moon, establish a lunar base and pursue subsequent exploration of Mars and other destinations
Continued joint international efforts
REF: ; ;
Image (Mars)
(Space Adventures logo)
Private company
Mars panorama, Spirit shot

52. Barack Obama’s Plan STRENGTHEN AMERICA’S LEADERSHIP IN SPACE SCIENCE
“It is essential to maintain U.S. leadership in space… In 2010,
the U.S. will face a five-year gap in the ability to send astronauts
to the International Space Station. The Obama Administration
will restore America’s leadership in space science:
• Establish a robust program for human and robotic exploration
that preserves our space workforce, engages international
allies and draws on expertise in the private sector.
• Close the gap in NASA access to lower earth orbit and better
utilize the International Space Station.
• Strengthen NASA’s missions in space science, weather, climate
research, and aeronautical research.
• Develop a new generation of space vehicles to replace the
Space Shuttle scheduled to retire in 2010.
• Improve NASA’s educational outreach and programs that
promote spin-off consumer technologies.”
REF: – p.10 & 11

53. World Space Travel
As of May, 2008 , individuals from 39 countries have traveled in space – 24 have been beyond low Earth orbit….
BELGIUM - 2 BULGARIA – 2 CANADA – 8 FRANCE - 9 GERMANY – 10 ITALY - 5
JAPAN
NETHERLANDS - 2
People’s Republic of
CHINA
RUSSIA
SOVIET UNION - 72
UNITED STATES
of America
OTHERS
REF: Aviation history:
Image:
(flags)
(Earth from satellite) - Credit Line: Courtesy MODIS, NASA