1. How Smart Are You?

2. Question #1
You’re driving a bus that is leaving on a trip from Pennsylvania and ending in New York.
To start off with, there were 32 passengers on the bus.
At the next stop, 11 people get off and 9 people get on.
At the next stop, 2 people get off and 2 people get on.
At the next stop, 12 people get off and 16 people get on.

3. What color are the eyes of the bus driver?
Blue?
Green?
Brown?
Hazel?
Grey?
Information not given.

4. A BRIEF HISTORY OF IQ TESTS
Hired by school district to identify “slow learners”
Used age graded tasks to identify a child’s mental age
1904- Alfred Binet
Revised Binet’s test
IQ=Mental Age/Chronological Age X 100
See any probs with this model?
Binet-Received his law degree in 1878, Subsequently studied natural sciences at the Sorbonne, Self-taught in psychology
In association with Theodore Simon, Binet identified developmental achievements levels expected of normal children. The mental age criteria that were the basis of these tests remain a benchmark in assisting children demonstrating poor performance in specific areas.
Died shortly after the development of the test.
Thus the deviation IQ replaced the ratio IQ.  It compares people of the same age or age category and assumes that IQ is normally distributed, that the average (mean) is 100 and that the standard deviation is something like 15 (IQ tests sometimes differ in their standard deviations). 
The concept of mental age is no longer used and now all IQ tests compare an individual's score to the scores of people the same age in the standardization sample, a large group of people on whom the test has been tried out. Although the method of calculating the IQ has changed, a person with an IQ of 100 is still considered to be of average intelligence.
Argued that intelligence was fixed, inherited, and measurable.
1911 Lewis Terman
“Eugenics Movement”, Immigration, Government Jobs

5. So…. I heard you took an IQ test? Wanna see how ya did?
Score your test.
How did if feel to take an IQ test?
Do you think your intelligence has been accurately measured by this test? Why or why not?
What test items seemed most valid as measures of intelligence, and what items seemed least valid?
Cultural bias? Hand out Chitlin Test
This test has NOT been established as a valid measure of intelligence, nor has it generated appropriate norms for comparison of scores, nor still was a “fair” scoring scheme used in class.
Most popular: Wechsler-remembering lists, math, vocab) 11 subtests
Stanford-Binet
IQ scores are now scored by comparing raw scores. The average score is assigned an IQ of Other raw scores are given IQ values based on their deviation from the average raw score.
IQ scores are only somewhat stable during childhood, but are very reliable for teenagers and adults.
Validity is difficult to measure: (whether or not they actually measure intelligence) since psychologist do not even agree on exactly what intelligence is.
IQ tests assess only a few hypothesized intellectual qualities, usually those related to schoolwork
IQ tests do predict academic success and performance in the workplace.
Nature: Identical twins have highest IQ correlations
Nurture: Intelligence may be affected by nutrition, health, an intellectually stimulating and emotionally secure home, and appropriate rewards for academic achievement.
HeadStart
Heredity and environment are often confounded. (Genetic factors that might raise intelligence tend to co-occur with environmental factors that would also raise intelligence)
Are there any ways in which this test might be improved?
What information would this test give to schools, employers, or leaders of government? How should one interpret the results of this test?

6. Standardization, Validity, & Reliability
Test Construction
Standardization, Validity, & Reliability
68% of people score within 15 points above or below 100
About 96% of all people fall within 30 points of 100
Distribution of IQ Scores
The distribution of scores (commonly called IQ scores) on the Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale follows an approximately normal curve, an average distribution of values. The test is regularly adjusted so that the median score is 100—that is, so that half of the scores fall above 100, and half fall below.
Validity(content and criterion) measures what it claims to measure, Reliability (test-retest stability), Standardized (every tester is measure by the same “ruler”) distribution of scores

7. g-factor- general mental ability
What is Intelligence?
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience.
Factor Analysis Approach (Charles Spearman)
Yo, g,
what up?
Describes the structure of intelligence by analyzing test scores.
g-factor- general mental ability
Spearman (1904) gave persons tests of many different kinds of cognitive ability. He used the Psychometric approach. (analyze tests) When he examined the correlations of these tests with each other, he found that all the correlations were positive, and called this the "positive manifold." The positive manifold leads to a large first factor derived from factor analysis, dubbed general intelligence, or g. The positive manifold implies that, for example, scores on a vocabulary test will correlate positively with scores on a mathematics test. Therefore, it is unimportant which particular tests are used to assess general intelligence--they all intercorrelate highly anyway (this is called the principle of indifference of the indicator).
Example: If a kid scores well or above average on verbal tests evidence suggests you will probably score above average in other areas.
Raymond Cattell re-analyzed Thurstone’s data to argue that g exists, but in two forms Fluid intelligence which involves reasoning skills and relating ideas to each other, and Crystallized intelligence which is specific knowledge gained by applying fluid intelligence.
Psychometric Approach
L. L. Thurstone rejected g-factor. Didn’t rank his subjects on a single scale of general aptitude. Argued that factor analysis revealed totally independent mental abilities. (math, verbal, perceptual)

8. Extremes of Intelligence: Savant Syndrome
Low IQ score, but has an island of intelligence. 4 in 5 people with savant syndrome are males, and may also have autism, a developmental disorder
Categories of abilities:
Calendar Calculating, Musical Ability, Lightening Calculating Ability, Memory, Mechanical Achievement, Artistic Ability
These individuals are known as prodigious savants.  The fewer than 100 cases of prodigious savants reported in the world literature in the past 100 years have shown remarkable similarities within an exceedingly narrow range of abilities, given the many possible skills in the human repertoire.
Traditionally the term "idiot savant" was used for individuals with serious mental handicaps and yet had special abilities.  Historically the word "idiot" referred to those with an IQ of less than 25 while "savant" means one who is learned or wise (2).  However, since most cases of idiot savant occur in individuals with an IQ of 40 or greater, the term "idiot" is a misnomer.
One of the most advanced cases of calendar calculating was based on research with identical twins George and Charlie, each with an IQ of sixty (4).  If given a date, they could give the day of the week over a span of 80,000 years.  If asked to name in which years the next 200 Easters will fall on March 23, they would be able to name those years with lightning rapidity, faster than a computer and just as accurately (4). 
The most common savant skill is musical ability.  Leslie Lemke is one of the few prodigious musical savants living at the present time.  Leslie Lemke, who appeared on "60 Minutes" in the 1980s, is blind, cerebral palsied, and severely mentally retarded (6). His verbal IQ is fifty-eight, which ranks him as mildly mentally retarded.  Leslie possesses a repertoire of over a thousand classical and popular piano pieces,which he plays "with much enthusiasm and gusto".
Superior memory is a trait many savants share.  For some, this is in fact their special skill.  Unique, at times prodigious, memory function, retained in the face of other severe defects, is frequently although not universally seen in savants.  An example of this is the case of a male who had memorized an incredible number of statistics, including the population of every town in the United States in which the population exceeded 5,000 people; all United States' county seats; the name, number of rooms, and location of approximately 2,000 well-established U. S. hotels; and the populations of 1,800 large foreign cities
Another fascinating ability displayed by some savants is that of mechanical talent.  A remarkable individual who demonstrated this skill was James Henry Pullen, the "Genius of Earlswood Asylum" (2, 4).  Pullen, who was deaf and had speech difficulties, had a lifelong passion for ships.  By the age of six, he displayed remarkable skill in making carvings and pencil drawings of all kinds of seaworthy vessels.  His greatest accomplishment that demonstrated his skills in drawing, invention, and mechanical ability was building the Great Eastern (2, 4).  This 10-foot-long steamship model took over three years to build.  Every component was made by Pullen following specifications in his original blueprints.  Pullen received worldwide attention when the Great Eastern was displayed at an exhibition in 1883 (2, 4).  Pullen had a brother, also deaf and without speech, who had even greater drawing skills than Pullen.
    Musical genius is more common than artistic ability in the general population
Alonzo Clemens has earned international distinction as a sculptor of clay animals.  At the age of three, he suffered brain injury with subsequent developmental delays and a measured IQ of 40 (2, 4).  He has a limited vocabulary of several hundred words in addition to speech difficulties.  His bronze and microcrystalline wax sculptures sell for up to $3,000 a piece; one item was priced at $45,000 (2).  Most of his work is of animals. 

9. “Makeover: Home Edition”
Multiple Intelligences (Howard Gardner)
States that people have specific intellectual potentials, or “intelligences,” each involving a set of problem-solving skills.
Hmm… looks like
Another case of
Oedipus Complex
Yeah, that’s right
I’m Jazzy.
I love words
Dance is
my life
I did my best
To understand
And serve the world.
Howard Gardner initially formulated a list of eight intelligences. His listing was provisional. The first two are ones that have been typically valued in schools; the next three are usually associated with the arts; and the final two are what Howard Gardner called 'personal intelligences' (Gardner 1999: 41-43).
Linguistic intelligence involves sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals. This intelligence includes the ability to effectively use language to express oneself rhetorically or poetically; and language as a means to remember information. Writers, poets, lawyers and speakers are among those that Howard Gardner sees as having high linguistic intelligence.
Logical-mathematical intelligence consists of the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically. In Howard Gardner's words, in entails the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically. This intelligence is most often associated with scientific and mathematical thinking.
Musical intelligence involves skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns. It encompasses the capacity to recognize and compose musical pitches, tones, and rhythms. According to Howard Gardner musical intelligence runs in an almost structural parallel to linguistic intelligence.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence entails the potential of using one's whole body or parts of the body to solve problems. It is the ability to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements. Howard Gardner sees mental and physical activity as related.
Spatial intelligence involves the potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas. 
Interpersonal intelligence is concerned with the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people. It allows people to work effectively with others. Educators, salespeople, religious and political leaders and counsellors all need a well-developed interpersonal intelligence.
Intrapersonal intelligence entails the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations. In Howard Gardner's view it involves having an effective working model of ourselves, and to be able to use such information to regulate our lives.
Nat
Numbers are
my friends
I could Put
“Makeover: Home Edition”
to shame.

10. Question #2 Ready for another intelligence test?
NO? Oh well…play along.
Take 1000 and add 40 to it.
Now add another 1000.
Now add 30.
Add another 1000.
Now add 20.
Now add 10.

11. 4100 RAISE YOUR HAND IF YOU GOT 5000!!!!!!
SORRY, BUT THAT IS THE WRONG ANSWER!
ANYONE HAVE A DIFFERENT ANSWER?
4100
Don’t believe me? Take out your calculators.

12. PRACTICAL ANALYTIC CREATIVE ”Apply…” “Use…” “Utilize…” "Analyze…”
STERNBERG’S TRIARCHICAL THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE: There is more to success than traditional intelligence. Argues there are 3, not 8 kinds.
”Apply…”
“Use…”
“Utilize…”
ANALYTIC
CREATIVE
PRACTICAL
Persistence
Self Confidence
Motivation
Interpersonal skills
Set priorities
Intuition
"Analyze…”
“Compare…”
“Evaluate…”
"Create…”
“Invent…”
“Design…”
IQ tests don't measure many of the qualities necessary for achievement in the world of work, such as persistence, self-confidence, motivation, and interpersonal skills, or the ability to set priorities and to allocate one's time and effort efficiently.
In addition, the creativity and intuition responsible for great achievements in both science and the arts are not reflected by IQ tests. For example, creativity often involves the ability to envision multiple solutions to a problem (a trait educators call divergent thinking ); in contrast, IQ tests require the choice of a single answer or solution to a problem, a type of task that could penalize highly creative people.
The value of IQ tests has also been called into question by recent theories that define intelligence in ways that transcend the boundaries of tests chiefly designed to measure abstract reasoning and verbal comprehension. For example, Robert Steinberg's triarchical model addresses not only internal thought processes but also how they operate in relation to past experience and to the external environment.
The triarchical view suggests that intelligence involved internal components, the relationship of these components to experience, and external effects.
The internal thinking that underlies this is described by three components.
A Perfomance components include perceiving stimuli, holding information in short-term memory, comparing values, retrieving material from long-term memory, and making calculations.
Knowledge-acquisition components selectively apply processes to gain and store new information.
Metacomponents control the previous two components. They determine how you characterize a problem, know what performance components to apply, know what to find out in order to solve a problem, and know how to judge the utility of a solution.
Intelligence is shown by how people use experiences and change the use of these components to handle novelty and make processing automatic.

13. Creativity: Ability to produce new and effective solutions to challenges
Divergent Thinking
Creativity Requires Expertise
Divergent thinking is the ability to think along many paths to generate many solutions to a problem Divergent thinking tests measure the number of different or unusual plausible responses that one can list for each item.
Creativity requires expertise in the field in question, certain creative skills, and motivation to pursue creativity for intrinsic (internal) rewards.
What determines whether a person is creative?
Creativity is not inherited in a simple fashion. It is largely learned.
No Clear relationship exists between creativity and mental disorders or “strangeness”
Creative people often share traits of self-confidence, ambition, and perseverance.
IQ and creativity scores are only mildly correlated. Creativity requires divergent thinking, and tradition IQ tests measure convergent thinking, the use of logic and knowledge to narrow down the number of possible solutions to a problem.
More Learned Than Inherited
IQ and Creativity are Only Mildly Correlated

14. Emotional Intelligence
"emotional intelligence,“ Mayer & Salavoy
What is it?
Reading People (perceive emotions)
access and generate emotions so as to assist thought
to understand emotions and emotional knowledge
Manage and regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth.
Problems?
“Self Reports”
Lacks empirical evidence
Some claim EI is a form of personality.
The Basics of Emotional Intelligence Include
Knowing your feelings and using them to make life decisions you can live with.
Being able to manage your emotional life without being hijacked by it -not being paralyzed by depression or worry, or swept away by anger.
Persisting in the face of setbacks and channeling your impulses in order to pursue your goals.
Empathy -- reading other people's emotions without their having to tell you what they are feeling.
Handling feelings in relationships with skill and harmony -- being able to articulate the unspoken pulse of a group, for example.
Beginning in 1990 with their first publication using the term "emotional intelligence," Mayer and his colleagues have been trying to develop what they refer to as an "ability test." An example of an ability test would be a typing test where one actually types. (A self-report test of typing might simply ask someone how fast they typed.) On tests used by Mayer et al people were asked to look at photographs of facial expressions and identify the emotions which were being displayed.

15. INSTRUCTIONS: Please select a response for each item.
1. What mood(s) might be helpful to feel when creating new, exciting decorations for a birthday party?
Not Useful
Useful
a. annoyance
  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
b. boredom
c. joy
First, would someone really say to themselves "I want to create new and exciting decorations for a birthday party. Now let's see... what mood would be helpful..." ?
Second, do we really want people to think like this? Do we want them to manipulate their feelings this way? And if someone didn't feel excited and loving as they thought about preparing a birthday party, then would it really matter if they talked themselves into a "helpful" mood so they could create "new and exciting decorations"?
And are "new and exciting decorations" really important? Are they more important than the real feelings the rest of the year?
Criticicms?

16. Vocabulary Shout Out
1. General problem-solving techniques that are TYPICALLY accurate.
Answer: Heuristics
2. Best example of a concept
Answer: Prototype
3. A systematic guarantee to problem solving
Answer: Algorithm
4. The function assigned to an object might remain fixed or stable.
Answer: Functional Fixedness
5. Strategy used when people decide whether the sample they are judging matches the appropriate prototype
Answer: Representative Heuristic

17. Vocabulary Shout Out
3. People make an initial estimate and then make adjustments to that number based on additional information.
Anchoring
4. Established standards of performance
Norms
5. A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.
Factor Analysis
1. Using the same solution you’ve used in previous problems
Mental Set
2. The way an issue is posed can affect decisions.
Framing

18. Intelligence Most popular Intelligence Test Created the first test
Weschler
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skill
Savant Syndrome
Theory that proposes 7 different intelligence
Gardner’s MI
Ability to perceive emotion accurately, to understand it, and to express it.
Created the first test
Binet/Terman revised
Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a retested group.
Standardization
The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes distributions.
Normal Distribution
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Content Validity