1. Marine Fish
4th block- Rivers

2. 3 categories of marine fish:
Jawless Fish
Cartilaginous Fish
Bony Fish

3. Jawless Fish Lack jaws Feed by suction Cylindrical and long body
Lack fins and scales
Skin used in leather goods
Ex. eel

4. Cartilaginous Fish Skeleton made of cartilage
Moveable jaws with well developed teeth
Mouth underneath head
Sandpaper like scales
Ex. sharks, rays, skates, and ratfish

5. Bony Fish 98% of fish Skeleton is made partially of bone
Thin, overlapping scales
Operculum protects the gills

6. Mouth located at end of body Teeth fused to jawbone
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Mouth located at end of body
Teeth fused to jawbone
Contain a swim bladder

7. Sharks- Cartilaginous
Adapted for fast swimming
Predators
Called “living fossils”
Changed little through time
5-7 gill slits on each side

8. Most swim continuously Can “drown” if not moving
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Most swim continuously
Can “drown” if not moving
A few species, such as nurse sharks, can obtain O2 in gills without swimming

9. Rows of numerous, sharp teeth Lost or broken teeth are replaced
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Rows of numerous, sharp teeth
Lost or broken teeth are replaced
Name is usually descriptive of appearance

10. Ex. Hammerhead- head shaped like a hammer
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Ex. Hammerhead- head shaped like a hammer
Ex. Saw shark- jaws faced like a saw
Whale shark- largest (60 ft); filter feeders

11. 2nd largest shark- Basking shark (50 ft); filter feeders
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2nd largest shark- Basking shark (50 ft); filter feeders
Most dangerous shark- Great white shark (20 ft)
Prevalent in coastal waters

12. Bull shark- freshwater species in tropics
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Mostly marine
Bull shark- freshwater species in tropics
Shark used for food, oil, and skin

13. Shark cartilage may be a cure for cancer
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Fins cut off and used in soup in Orient- animal dumped back in water to die
Shark cartilage may be a cure for cancer

14. Most are demersal- live on bottom
Rays and Skates
species
Flattened bodies
Most are demersal- live on bottom
Gill slits (always 5) on underside of body

15. Pectoral fins flat and expanded; fused with head
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Pectoral fins flat and expanded; fused with head
Stingrays have a whip-like, stinging tail for defense
Electric rays produce electricity up to 200 volts

16. Gill slits covered by a flap Long rat-like tail
Ratfish
Gill slits covered by a flap
Long rat-like tail
Feed on bottom dwelling animals

17. Tiger Shark

18. Bull Shark

19. Black Tip Shark

20. Leo Shark

21. Lemon Shark

22. Great White Shark

23. Great White

24. Hammerhead Shark

25. Ray

26. Skate

27. Sting ray

28. Rat Fish

29. ICTHYOLOGY- the study of fish
Biology of Fish
ICTHYOLOGY- the study of fish

30. Shape related to lifestyle
Body Shape
Shape related to lifestyle
Ex. fast swimmers such as sharks have streamlined bodies; eels are long/thin because they live in narrow places
Can be used to camouflage

31. Ex. eels can sometimes resemble grass
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Ex. bottom dwellers have an irregular outline to resemble rocks or seaweed
Ex. eels can sometimes resemble grass

32. Coloration
Colored pigments that allow for camouflage is from cells known as chromatophores.
Sometimes they change colors only on the surface. Those cells are called iridophores.

33. Cryptic- blend with environment to deceive predators
Types of coloration
Warning- change color to warn another fish; mood, poisonous, taste bad, ready to mate
Cryptic- blend with environment to deceive predators

34. Disruptive-presence of stripes, bars, spots confuse predator
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Disruptive-presence of stripes, bars, spots confuse predator
Countershading – found in fish that swim the open ocean; fish is lighter on top and dark on bottom

35. Fish swim to obtain food, mate, escape predators
Locomotion
Fish swim to obtain food, mate, escape predators
Side-to-side motions move body
Myomere is banded muscle that makes up a large % of body mass
mere is muscle banded on side of fish- makes up large % of body mass

36. Sharks cannot swim backwards
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Sharks lack swim bladder-combination of large pectoral fins and oil in liver
Sharks cannot swim backwards

37. Fish do have a swim bladder Fins allow great maneuverability
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Fish do have a swim bladder
Fins allow great maneuverability
Can swim in all directions

38. Sharks feed by a coupled action of the teeth and shaking of head
Feeding
Sharks feed by a coupled action of the teeth and shaking of head
3 species of filter feeding sharks; whale shark, basking shark, and megamouth shark

39. Most bony fish are carnivores-well developed teeth
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Most bony fish are carnivores-well developed teeth
Fish that feed primarily on plants- grazers
A few species, such as herring, sardines, and anchovies are filter feeders.

40. Pyloric caeca secretes digestive enzymes
Digestion
Path of food after swallowing: pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, anus
Pyloric caeca secretes digestive enzymes

41. Liver secretes bile which breaks down fat Intestines absorb nutrients
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Liver secretes bile which breaks down fat
Intestines absorb nutrients

42. Heart located below gills
Circulatory System
Heart located below gills
Blood pumped to gills where it receives oxygen
Arteries carry oxygenated blood to body

43. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart to recycle
Continued………….
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart to recycle

44. Oxygen diffuses across capillaries in gills to blood
Respiratory System
Oxygen diffuses across capillaries in gills to blood
Hemoglobin carries oxygen through body
Myoglobin is a protein found in muscles to store oxygen.

45. Consists of brain and spinal cord
Nervous System
Consists of brain and spinal cord
Nerves connect the CNS to other organs in body
Highly developed sense of smell

46. Unique organ called lateral line allows fish to detect vibrations
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Unique organ called lateral line allows fish to detect vibrations

47. Behavior- Territories
Establish territories for feeding, resting, and mating
Will defend against intruders
Fish like to “bluff” by raising fins, opening mouth, grinding teeth/bones, or darting

48. Herring, sardines, and mackerels school all their lives
Behavior- Schooling
Herring, sardines, and mackerels school all their lives
Some school only part-time (feeding or reproduction)
Most cartilaginous fish do not school

49. Continued…………….
Schools tend to be similar in size, keep constant distance, turn, start, stop, etc. in perfect unison

50. Possible reasons for schooling
Protection
Swimming efficiency
Feeding
Mating

51. Mass movement from one place to another
Behavior-Migration
Mass movement from one place to another
Anadromous - spend life at sea and migrate to fresh water to breed; salmon
Catadromous – spend life in freshwater and migrate to sea to breed; freshwater eel

52. Bony fish and jawless fish have a separate opening- urogenital opening
Reproduction
Separate sexes
Cartilaginous fish have same opening for excretion and reproduction- cloaca
Bony fish and jawless fish have a separate opening- urogenital opening

53. Some hermaphroditic fish can also have a sex reversal
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Some fish are hermaphrodites but can mate with others as well; adaptation for deep sea fish
Some hermaphroditic fish can also have a sex reversal

54. Reproductive Behavior
Courtship- series of behaviors to attract a mate
“dance”-posture change
Color change
Swimming upside down

55. Most common method in bony fish is external fertilization
Reproduction
Most common method in bony fish is external fertilization
Most common method in cartilaginous fish is internal fertilization

56. Male cartilaginous fish have claspers
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Male cartilaginous fish have claspers
Bite mate on back to show interest
Inserts claspers into cloaca

57. Oviparous-develop outside body
Development
Oviparous-develop outside body
Ovoviviparous- egg develops inside female
Viviparous- egg develops inside and mother nurses young