1. Honors Anatomy & Physiology
Reproductive System
Honors Anatomy & Physiology

2. Male Anatomy

3. Structures & Their functions
External Genetialia:
Penis – copulatory organ
Shaft, glans (enlarged tip), prepuce (foreskin)
Erectile (spongy) tissue – connective tissue, smooth muscle, and vascular spaces
Erection – sexual arousal triggers parasympathetic release of NO causing arterioles to dilate, engorgement restricts drainage
Testes (gonads)-1.5” x 1” sperm & testosterone production
Scrotum – maintain testes temp 3oC lower than body temp (retractable)
Duct System (sympathetic control over ejaculation)
Epididymis –20 ft long, 20 days for sperm to become motile, may be stored for months (ejaculated by smooth muscle or phagocytized)
Ductus deferens – 18” long, thick smooth muscle
Ejaculatory duct – through the prostate and empties into urethra
Urethra – both urine & sperm (has priority!)
3 regions: prostatic urethra, membranous, spongy

4. Semen Semen – milky white, sticky secretion of sperm & secretions
2-5mL per ejaculation
20-150milliom sperm per mL
Catabolism of fructose provides ATP for flagella
Prostaglandins stimulate uterine peristalsis
Accessory Glands
Seminal vesicles – 60% of semen: yellow, viscous alkaline fluid w/fructose, ascorbic acid, prostaglandins enhancing sperm motility
Prostate Gland – 30% of semen: milky acidic fluid w/enzymes to activate sperm
Bulbourthral glands – pea sized glands secrete a thick clear mucus to neutralize acidic urine in urethra “pre-ejaculate”

5. Structure of the testis
Surrounded by 2 membranes:
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Divided into lobules
Ea/w 1-4 seminiferous tubules (sperm production)
Surrounded by myoid cells – contract to squeeze sperm out of testis into rete testis

6. Spermatogenesis Begins @ age 14 Makes ~400million sperm/day
Spermatogonia – divide by mitosis
@puberty some become primary spermatocytes generating secondary spermatocytes
Producing non motile spermatotids

7. Female Anatomy

8. Female External Genitalia
Vagina – 3-4” birth canal & copulation organ
3 layers: outer fibroelastic, smooth muscle, ridged mucosa
Acidic pH – antimicrobial but hostile to sperm
Hymen – vascular membrane in virgins
Mons pubis – fatty ridge
Labia: majora & minora – enclose the vestibule or entrance
Vestibular glands – secrete mucus
Clitoris – innervated erectile tissue hooded by prepuce

9. Ovaries Produce Ova (eggs) & Sex hormones
Ovarian ligament anchor to uterus & suspensory ligament to pelvic wall
Ovarian follicles ea/contains oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
Primordial follicle – 1 layer cells surround oocyte
Primary follicle – 2 + layers of cells
Secondary follicle – fluid filled cavity appears
Graafian follicle – follicle bulges from ovary surface, mature oocyte
Ovulation – oocyte ejected from ovary
Corpus luteum – follicle degenerates into scars/pits

10. Oogenesis Fetal period – oogonia divide by mitosis
(7 million) Primary oocytes in primary follicles begin meiosis I, and stall in prophase I (2 milion)
Puberty 250,000 oocytes remain
1 selected every 28 days to complete meiosis I, first polar body undergoes apoptosis, secondary oocyte is suspended in metaphase II when ovulated
<500 released over 40 years
After fertilized, it completes meiosis II, creating a second polar body that deteriorates and 1 large ovum

11. Ovarian Cycle 21-40 days, avg 28 days)
@puberty pituitary releases FSH & LH stimulating ovaries
Follicular Phase (days 1-14)
Menstration (days 1-5 )
endometrium sheds
Low estrogen & progesterone
Proliferative Phase (day 6-14)
 FSH & LH
 follicle growth
estrogen (- feedback on release FSH & LH, + feedback on estrogen)
Endometrial lining thickens
Cervical mucus thins
Ovulation (day 14)
 estrogen causes surge of LH & FSH, then drops
Ovary expels 2o oocyte w/corona radiata
Mittlschmerz – abdominal pain due to ovarian wall stretching
Luteal /Secretory Phase (days 14-28)
estrogen
 progesterone (thickens endometrium)
Corpus luteum degenerates

12. Female Duct System Uterine (fallopian) tubes Receive ovulated oocyte
About 4” long
Fimbraie – ciliated finger like projections on distal end create current to capture oocytes
Infundibulum – funnel shaped structure
Smooth muscle (peristalysis) & mucosa ciliated lining
Uterous (womb)- nourish fertilized ovum
Inverted pear in size and shape
3 regions: fundus, body, & cervix
3 layers of wall:
Perimetrium – outermost layer
Myometrium – smooth muscle
Endometrium – 2 layers of mucosal lining (inner layer sheds)

13. Menopause 20’s reproductive peak
30’s ovarian function (quality of oocytes) declines, still ~100,000 oocytes left
By 50, only ~3 oocytes left
Estrogen production declines
Menstrual periods erratic & shorter, until ovulation & menstruation ceases
Menopause reached after 1 year w/o menstruation

14. Mammary Glands Produce milk by modified sweat glands
Areola – ring of pigmented skin surrounding nipple
Ea gland/ lobes consisting of lobules containing alveoli that produce milk
Milk passes into lactiferous ducts which open at nipple