3.  Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) fought and gained independence for the Algerian Muslims  Revolution spread into Tunisia and Morocco in the mid 1950s  French presence in North Africa was gone

5.  Britain had a large number of troops in Egypt  Stationed in Iran to keep supply lines open to the Soviets  Britain replaced Iran’s leader  Occupied Syria and Iraq  Had a mandate for Palestine

6.  Balfour Declaration reversed (1939) infuriating the Jewish Agency  Britain refused to allow Holocaust survivors to resettle in Palestine  (1946) Irgun: Zionists group who waged a terrorist campaign against the British authorities  Menachem Begin: leader who blew up the King David Hotel in Jerusalem

8.  (1947) Britain gave up their Palestinian mandate and referred problem to the U.N.  UN voted to partition Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states  Jerusalem would be an international city  The new Jewish nation infuriated Palestinian Arabs

10. (1948) Israel declared itself a state  David Ben-Gurion: 1 st Prime Minister  Armies from neighboring Arab countries moved against Israel  (1949) Israel defeated Arab world and gained more territory  Hundreds of Thousands were expelled from their lands and were living in refugee camps

12.  Israeli government wouldn’t allow Palestinians to return to their land nor pay for taken property  Palestinian lands were given to Jewish immigrants  Most Arab countries wouldn’t take refugees in order to force Israel to give back land  Israel used Kibbutz to increase economy

13.  1922 Egypt  1923 Turkey  1932 Iraq  1932 Saudi Arabia  1941 Lebanon  1946 Jordan  1961 Syria  1971 United Arab Emirates/Qatar

14.  (1945-1952) Effort to negotiate complete British evacuation failed  King Farouk I led a corrupt government  1952- Group of army leaders overran the government  Gamal Abdel Nasser emerged as the new leader

15.  Wanted to rid Egypt of foreign domination  Emphasized land reform, industrialization, control over the economy, women’s rights  Modernization projects were very expensive

16.  (1955) Nasser announced an arms agreement with Czechoslovakia (Communist)  U.S. and Britain offered money for the Aswan Dam project  Nasser hesitated, waiting for a better offer  He recognized communist China

19.  U.S./British offer withdrawn, Nasser viewed it as an insult  (1956) He nationalized the Suez Canal  British/French had funded the Suez Canal, Egyptian labor built it  Hero to the Arab world, enemy of the West

20.  Egyptians refused to allow Israeli ships to pass  Israel, Britain, and France conspired to overthrow Nasser  Israel took control of the Sinai peninsula, Britain/France controlled Mediterranean side  President Eisenhower threatened to cut off aid  Nasser became the most popular Arab leader

22.  Egypt mobilized against Israel, cut off sea route to Asia and Africa  War with powerful Israel or losing face with the rest of the Arab world?

23.  June 5 th, 1967: Israel launched an attack  Captured the Sinai peninsula and the Gaza strip in 6 days  Drove back Syria, Iraq, and Jordan  Claimed more territory

24.  Palestinians lost faith in the Arab world  Relied on their own guerilla organization led by Yasir Arafat  U.S. and the Soviet Union tried to seek permanent peace in the Middle East

25.  Nasser died (Sept. 1970), was replaced by Anwar Sadat  Egypt/Syria secretly planned an attack against Israel (Oct. 6 th 1973)  Israel started to lose but pushed back into Egyptian territory  Sadat shocked the world with a famous speech

26.  President Jimmy Carter met with Sadat and Menachim Begin in Maryland  Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty  Palestinian terrorist attacks continued

27.  Arabic word for, “shaking”  Began in December of 1987  Young Palestinians threw rocks, bottles, and homemade weapons  Israeli army responded with bombings

28.  Yitzhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat agreed on a peace settlement  Self government in the West Bank and the Gaza strip and recognition of Israel  Met in Washington D.C. to sign an agreement  A radical Israeli assassinated Rabin

29.  February 2001, Ariel Sharon elected prime minister  His treatment on the Palestinians earned him the nickname  Palestinians responded to Sharon’s appointed with renewed violence

30.  Mass production created a need for oil  Countries gave prospectors permission to search for deposits  Petrodollars filled the pockets of local rulers  Did go towards social welfare projects and economic developments

31.  Oil producing countries demanded a larger portion of the profits  Iran nationalized its oil industry and the West stopped buying  Didn’t effect oil supplies

32.  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries  Worked to set oil production levels and oil prices  Has ability to boycott the sale to certain countries  Production is expected to decline in oil fields outside of the Persian Gulf area

33.  (By 1971) Britain had removed most of its troops from the region  Iran became the leading power  Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (shah) was relied upon to keep order  Discontent grew in Iran

34.  Economic downfall and the shah’s secret police inflamed the Iranians  Many Iranians took a renewed interest in Islam  Many opposed the shah’s modernization efforts

35.  He was banished since 1964  76-year old religious leader spoke out against the shah  He returned and established an Islamic republic  Iranian militants captured 60 Americans in our embassy for 444 days

36.  (1979) Saddam Hussein took control of the government  Used execution/imprisonment to eliminate competition  Used chemical weapons against the Kurds  (1988) Iran-Iraq war ended, Iraq had the strongest and most well- equipped army in the Arab world

37. AAccused Kuwait of stealing their oil; their high level of production was driving down prices AAnnexed Kuwait (Aug. 8 th ) WWorld opinion against the invasion IIraq was poised to attack Saudi Arabia

38.  Coalition of 30 nations came together  U.N. imposed economic sanctions and set a date for withdrawal  Deadline passed, Desert Shield became Desert Storm

39.  Coalition forces led by the U.S. large air strikes for 40 days  Iraq launched missile attacks against Saudi Arabia and Israel  Ground forces moved into Kuwait and southern Iraq

40.  Iraqi forces retreated from Kuwait; liberated within weeks  Iraqi’s rebelled against Saddam  U.N. ordered Saddam to stop producing weapons of mass destruction  Saddam made inspections difficult