2. Chapter 2 Objectives Explain why differences in perception occur
Describe the process of perception
Identify perceptual errors
Understand how your view of yourself is related to communication

3. Chapter 2 Objectives
Differentiate self-fulfilling prophecies, self-image, and self-esteem
Explain how you can improve your self-concept
Define identity management and explain its component parts

4. The process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses
What is Perception ?
The process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses

5. What is Perception? Active perception Subjective perception
Our minds select, organize, and interpret what we sense
Subjective perception
Our minds construct unique meanings to sensed stimuli

6. Differences in Perception
Physiological factors
Past experiences and roles
Culture and co-culture
Present feelings and circumstances

7. What Occurs in Perception?
Three distinct activities
Selection
Organization
Interpretation
Occur quickly and almost simultaneously

8. Selection Neglect some stimuli and focus on others Selective exposure
Selective attention
Selection perception
Selective retention
Link to Perception Activities on the Web

9. Organization Group stimuli into meaningful units or wholes
Figure & ground

10. Organization Group stimuli into meaningful units or wholes
Figure & ground
Closure

11. Organization Group stimuli into meaningful units or wholes
Figure & ground
Closure
Proximity

12. Organization Group stimuli into meaningful units or wholes
Figure & ground
Closure
Proximity
Similarity

13. Interpretation Assign meaning to the stimuli
Blend of internal states and external stimuli

14. 3 2 I-I 2 3 G I-I I Interpretation Assign meaning to the stimuli
Blend of internal states and external stimuli
Often rely on context for cues
3 2 I-I 2 3
G I-I I

15. How Do We Perceive Others?
Attribution
Assigning meaning to the behavior of others
Can lead to perceptual errors
Attribution errors
Perceptual errors

16. Attribution Errors Fundamental attribution error Self-serving bias
Attribute successes of others to the situation and failures of others to the individual
Self-serving bias
Our successes are due to our personal qualities and our failures are due to circumstances

17. Perceptual Errors Stereotyping First Impressions
Oversimplified or standardized image of a person based on his or her group membership
First Impressions
Initial opinion about another person

18. Avoiding Errors Recognize the subjective nature of perception
Use perceptual checking
Describe what you observed
Suggest alternative interpretations
Ask for the “correct” interpretation

19. Who Are You? What do you know about yourself?
Self-perception
Personal identity
Who you are develops through
Intrapersonal communication
Symbolic interactionism
Self-fulfilling prophecy

20. Learning More About Yourself
Understand your physical self
Understand how others perceive you
Understand your communication skills and behaviors

21. What’s Your Future Potential?
Self-actualization
The fulfillment of one’s potential as a person

22. How Do You Evaluate Yourself?
Self-Appraisal/Self-Concept has two parts
Self-Image
Self-Esteem

23. Self-Image The picture you have of yourself
Based on feedback from others
Confirmation
Rejection
Disconfirmation

24. Self-Esteem How you feel about yourself
Based on your perceptions of your successes and failures
Affects perception and communication

25. Improving Self-Concept
Have a goal or objective
Make your goal realistic
Find information about how to achieve your goal
Exercise control and restraint
Gain support of friends and family
Accept yourself

26. How Do We Present Ourselves?
Self-presentation
The way we portray ourselves to others

27. How Do We Present Ourselves?
Identity Management
Control (or lack of control) of the communication of information through a performance
High and low self-monitors
Face, facework, politeness