2. Where are migrants distributed?
Key Issues
Where are migrants distributed?
Where do people migrate within a country?
Why do people migrate?
Why do migrants face obstacles?
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3. Learning Outcomes
3.1.1: Describe the difference between international and internal migration.
3.1.2: Identify the principal sources of immigrants during the three main eras of U.S. migration.
3.2.1: Describe the history of interregional migration in the United States.
3.2.2: Describe interregional migration in Russia and Canada.
3.2.3: Describe interregional migration in Canada, China, and Brazil.
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4. 3.3.2: Summarize the flows of migrant workers in Europe and Asia.
Learning Outcomes
3.2.4: Explain differences among the three forms of intraregional migration.
3.3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push and pull factors.
3.3.2: Summarize the flows of migrant workers in Europe and Asia.
3.4.1: Identify the types of immigrants who are given preference to enter the United States.
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5. 3.4.3 Describe characteristics of immigrants to the United States.
Learning Outcomes
3.4.2: Describe the population characteristics of unauthorized immigrants to the United States.
3.4.3 Describe characteristics of immigrants to the United States.
3.4.4: Compare American and European attitudes toward immigrants.
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6. Migration
Mobility is most generalized term that refers to all types of movements
Journeying each day to work or school
Weekly visits to local shops
Annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state
Short-term and repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as circulation.
Ex. College students moving to college each fall and returning home each spring
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7. A permanent move to a new location constitutes migration.
Emigration is migration from a location.
Immigration is migration to a location.
Place “A” can have individuals migrating away from and to it.
Emigrant: Place A → Place B
Immigrant: Place B → Place A
Difference between the number of immigrants and number emigrants is a place’s net migration.
The flow of migration always involves two-way connections.
If number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, then a positive net migration exists.
If number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, then a negative net migration exists.
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8. Ravenstein’s laws for the distance that migrants typically move
Distance of Migration
Ravenstein’s laws for the distance that migrants typically move
Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country.
Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.
19th Century geographer E. G. Ravenstein wrote a series of “laws” about the tendencies of migrants. At the time, the word, law, was known to mean theory.
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9. Migration can be divided into two categories.
Distance of Migration
Migration can be divided into two categories.
International Migration- permanent move from one country to another
Voluntary
Forced
Internal Migration- permanent move within the same country
Interregional
Intraregional
International Migration-
Voluntary international migration could be motivated by perceived economic or quality of life improvement.
Forced international migration is motivated by political or environmental factors.
Internal Migration-
Interregional – movement from one region to another. i.e. rural to urban.
Intraregional- movement within a region. i.e. central city to a newer suburban center.
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10. FIGURE 3.4 INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION Mexico has international migration into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States. Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City.
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11. International Migration Patterns
Approximately 9 percent of the world’s people are international migrants.
Global pattern reflects migration tendencies from developing countries to developed countries.
Net Out-Migration
Asia, Latin America, and Africa
Net In-Migration
North America, Europe, and Oceania
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12. FIGURE 3-6 GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration between regions of the world. Countries with net in-migration are in red, and those with net outmigration are in blue.
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13. U.S. Immigration Patterns
U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million annually.
Three main eras of immigration in the U.S.
Colonial settlement in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Mass European immigration in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries
Asian and Latin American integration in the late Twentieth and early twenty-first centuries
First era was marked by immigration from Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. Most from Africa were forced to migrate as slaves.
In the beginning of the second era, most migrants came from northern and western Europe. By the turn of the 20th Century, most migrants came from southern and eastern Europe.
Third era marked a shift in the sending continents. Asia and Latin America were primary places of migrant origins.
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14. FIGURE 3-7 IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES Europeans comprised more than 90 percent of immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century. Since the 1980s, Latin American and Asia have been the dominant sources of immigrants.
FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants.
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15. FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U. S
FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants.
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16. Where Do People Migrate within a Country?
Interregional Migration
Perceived economic betterment typically compels individuals to make interregional migrations.
Historically- enticement of abundant available land on the American Frontier.
Presently- most jobs, especially in services, are clustered in urban areas.
Westward expansion contributed to a shift in the center of population.
“Center of population gravity”
Center of population gravity refers to the country’s center of population, as calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau. Conceptually, if the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the pin.
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17. FIGURE 3-9 CHANGING CENTER OF U. S
FIGURE 3-9 CHANGING CENTER OF U.S. POPULATION The population center is the average location of everyone in the country, the “center of population gravity.” If the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin.
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18. FIGURE 3-10 RECENT INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES Figures show average annual migration (in thousands) in 1995 (top) and 2010 (bottom).
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19. Migration between Regions in Large Countries
World’s five largest countries in land area are Russia, Canada, China, the U.S., and Brazil.
Russia: Interregional migration was encouraged eastward and northward by the government’s decision to locate new factories and to offer economic incentives away from existing population concentrations.
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20. FIGURE 3-11 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: RUSSIA Russia’s population is clustered in the west of the country, nearest to Europe.
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21. Migration between Regions in Large Countries
Canada: Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants.
China: Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing is prevalent.
Brazil: Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior.
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22. FIGURE 3-17 INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION: CHINA Migrants are heading eastward towards the major cities.
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23. Intraregional Migration
Since Industrial Revolution began in Europe in nineteenth century, a global trend for individuals to migrate from rural to urban areas
Percentage of urbanized population in U.S.
1800: 5 percent
1920: 50 percent
2010: 80 percent
Motivated by economic advancement
Rural push factors include declining opportunities in agriculture.
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24. Intraregional Migration
Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs.
Motivated not by economic advancement but by a desired lifestyle
Additional privacy associated with single-family detached houses
Garages and driveways offer parking at no additional fee
Often superior suburban schools
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25. FIGURE 3-22 INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION: UNITED STATES This figure shows migration between cities, suburbs, and nonmetropolitan areas in 2010.
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26. Intraregional Migration
Developed countries experienced a new migration trend during the late twentieth century when rural areas were characterized by net in-migration.
Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counterurbanization.
Counterurbanization most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities
Rocky Mountain States (Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming)
Growing populations in suburbia contributed to counterurbanization, but many people migrated from cities to rural places.
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27. FIGURE 3-24 PERCENTAGE OF AMERICANS MOVING IN A YEAR The percentage has declined from 20 percent in the 1980s to 12 percent in the 2010s.
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28. People decide to migrate because of a combination of two factors.
Why Do People Migrate?
People decide to migrate because of a combination of two factors.
Push factors induce people to move out of their present location.
Pull factors induce people to move into a new location.
Three major types of push and pull factors
Political
Environmental
Economic
Ravenstein’s laws help geographers make generalizations about where and how far people move.
Most people migrate for economic reasons.
Political and environmental also induce migration but less often.
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29. Reasons for Migrating
Political factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to migrate from a country.
United Nations High Commissions for Refugees recognizes three groups of forced political migrants.
A refugee has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution.
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30. Reasons for Migrating
An internally displaced person (IDP) is similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border.
An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee.
Largest number of refugees in 2010 was forced to migrate from Afghanistan and Iraq because of war.
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31. FIGURE 3-25 POLITICAL FACTORS: REFUGEES AND IDPS The largest numbers of refugees originated in Southwest Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
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32. Reasons for Migrating
Environmental factors can prompt migration from hazardous environments or pull migrants to attractive regions.
Environmental Pull Factors
Mountains
Seasides
Warm Climates
Environmental Push Factors
Water: most common environmental threat
Flood
Drought
Hundreds of thousands have been forced to move from the Sahel region of northern Africa because of drought conditions.
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33. Most people migrate for economic reasons.
Reasons for Migrating
Most people migrate for economic reasons.
Push factor: migrate away from places with few jobs
Pull factor: migrate to places where jobs seem to be available
U.S. and Canada have been prominent destinations for economic migrants.
Historically individuals migrated from Europe.
More recently Latin America and Asia are primary senders.
Relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change. Migration rates have decreased since the onset of the 2008 recession in the U.S.
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34. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Intervening obstacles, which hinder migration, can be categorized into two types.
Environmental Feature- i.e., mountain, ocean, or distance
Political Feature- i.e., countries require proper documentation to leave one country and gain entry in another
Before the advancements in transportation, environmental features were more hindering than political features. More recently, political features are now more hindering.
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35. Controlling Migration
Countries have adopted selective immigration policies.
Preference shown for specific employment placement and family reunification
Passing of the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924 by the U.S. Congress marked the end of unrestricted immigration to the U.S.
The global quota was set to 700,000 in 1990.
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36. Controlling Migration
More seek admission to the U.S. than is permitted by the quotas, thus preferences are shown toward:
Family Reunification
About ¾ of immigrants
Skilled Workers
Approximately ¼ of immigrants
Sending countries alleged preference for skilled workers contributes to brain drain- a term for the disproportionate amount of highly skilled and intelligent citizens migrating away from sending countries.
Diversity
A few immigrants admitted, because their sending country historically has sent very few migrants
Quotas do not apply to refugees.
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37. Unauthorized Immigration
Unauthorized immigrants are those who enter a country without proper documents.
Characteristics of unauthorized immigrates in the U.S.
Source Country
Roughly 58 percent emigrate from Mexico
Children
Of estimated 11.2 million unauthorized immigrants, nearly 1 million are children.
Unauthorized immigrants have given birth to 4.5 million children on U.S. soil making the children U.S. citizens.
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38. FIGURE 3-34 NUMBER OF UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES Most unauthorized immigrants in the United States are from Mexico.
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39. Unauthorized Immigration
Years in the U.S.
Duration of residency has increased for unauthorized immigrants.
In 2010, 35 percent of adults had been in U.S. for at least 15 years.
Labor Force
Approximately 8 million unauthorized immigrants are employed in the U.S.
Distribution
Texas and California have largest number of unauthorized immigrants
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40. FIGURE 3-35 U.S.–MEXICO BORDER
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41. Unauthorized Immigration
Mexico’s Border with the United States
View from the U.S. recognizes motives that compel unauthorized immigrants to enter illegally
Employment Opportunities
Family Reunification
Better Way of Life
View from Mexico is more complex
Residents of northern Mexico wish for compassion to be shown to unauthorized immigrants.
Residents of southern Mexico are less tolerant because of number of unauthorized immigrants entering Mexico from Guatemala.
Mexico’s government estiamtes nearly 2 million people a year cross into Mexico illegally through its southern border.
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42. FIGURE 3-37 U.S.-MEXICO BORDER: PEDESTRIAN CROSSING Pedestrians cross from Nueva Progreso, Mexico (foreground), to Progreso, Texas.
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43. Attitudes toward Immigrants
Immigration Concerns in the U.S.
Most views of immigration by U.S. citizens are ambivalent in nature.
Border Patrol
They would like more effective border control, but they don’t want to spend more money to solve the issue.
Workplace
Most recognize that unauthorized immigrants take jobs from U.S. citizens, but they understand most citizens wouldn’t take the jobs so they support a path to U.S. citizenship for these unauthorized immigrants.
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44. Attitudes toward Immigrants
Civil Rights
U.S. citizens favor letting law enforcement officials stop and verify the legal status of anyone, but they fear civil rights will be infringed upon of U.S. citizens, as a result of racial profiling.
Local Initiatives
Polls suggest U.S. citizens believe unauthorized immigration is a pressing matter to the nation, but it should only be dealt with at the federal level and not the local level.
Many were opposed to Arizona’s 2010 law that obligated foreigners to carry a proof of citizenship with them at all times.
More than 100 localities across the nation support additional rights for unauthorized immigrants—such a movement is known as a “Sanctuary City.”
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45. FIGURE 3-43 MIGRATION FLOWS WITHIN EUROPE The largest flows are from Poland to Germany and from Romania to Spain.
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46. Attitudes toward Immigrants
Immigration Concerns in Europe
Population growth in Europe is fueled by immigration from other regions of the world, a trend disliked by many Europeans.
Biggest fear is that the host country’s culture will be lost, because immigrants:
adhere to different religions
speak different languages
practice different food and other cultural habits
Hostility to immigrants has become a central plank of some political parties in many European countries.
Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs.
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47. FIGURE 3-44 IMMIGRATION CONTROVERY IN FRANCE Demonstrations supporting (top) more rights for immigrants and (bottom) tighter immigration controls.
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48. Attitudes toward Immigrants
Europeans as Emigrants
Inhospitable climate for immigrants in Europe is especially ironic.
Europe was the source of most of the world’s emigrants, during the nineteenth century.
Most Europeans fear losing their cultural heritage to that of new immigrants, while:
Indo-European languages are now spoken by half of the world, as a result of European emigrants.
Christianity has the world’s largest number of adherents.
European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have diffused throughout the world.
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49. Attitudes toward Immigrants
Characteristics of Migrants
Ravenstein noted:
Most long-distance migrants are male.
Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children.
Most long-distance migrants are young adults seeking work rather than children or elderly people.
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50. Attitudes toward Immigrants
Characteristics of Migrants
More males migrated to the U.S. during the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth century.
Gender reversed in 1990s when women constituted about 55 percent of U.S. immigrants.
Most likely a reflection of the changing role of women in Mexican society.
About 40 percent of immigrants in U.S. are young adults between the ages of 25 and 39.
Recent immigrants to the U.S. tend to be less educated than U.S. citizens.
Mexican women often married at a young age and remained in the village to raise children. More recently, researchers are seeing that many of them are crossing into the U.S. to be reunited with husbands or brother, but also a growing number are seeking jobs.
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51. Summary
On a global scale, the largest flows of migrants are from Asia to Europe and from Latin America to the U.S.
Third-world to first-world
The decision to migrate is a conclusion influenced by a mixture of push and pull factors.
Migrants face obstacles in migrating not as much by environmental factors anymore but by political or cultural factors.
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52. Summary
Worldwide, the most prominent type of intraregional migration is from rural areas to urban areas. In the U.S., it is from cities to suburbs.
Americans and Europeans share mixed views about immigration. They recognize their importance to the local economy, but key features of immigration trouble them.
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