1. Chapter One Section 1-1
The science of biology

2. Scientific Thought Involves:
Questioning ideas-Scientists must be skeptical of new ideas. Rely on evidence not opinions
Discovery and change- Scientists must realize that new discoveries may change old ideas. Examples?

3. Universal laws are… Definition of a universal law:
A truth that scientist have found to be true everywhere in the universe.
-Law of gravity
-Law of conservation
of energy.

4. Science and Ethics What does it mean to be ethical?
-To have moral principles and values.
What are some ways that you would expect a scientist to be ethical?
-Providing true and accurate data.
-Not making false claims.
-Not using involuntary subjects.
-Obey laws.

5. Why study science? Critical thinking skills.
Better take care of your health, better understanding of health.
Wiser consumer.
Better informed citizen.

6. Chapter 1 Section 2
Scientific Method

7. Evidence Based on Observation
-Using one or more senses to
perceive objects and events.
Data
-Information gathered from observation (evidence).

8. The scientific method A systematic approach to problems solving.
Can be used by anyone, even for non-scientific problems!

9. Step One 1. Make an OBSERVATION.
Is the act of noting or perceiving objects or events.
Observations lead to a question or problem.
Example: Some flowers grow taller than others. I wonder if the amount of fertilizer changes the height?

10. Step Two 2. Form a HYPOTHESIS. A hypothesis is a possible explanation
to a problem that can be tested by experiments.
Should be written in an “if…then” format
Testable- Must be able to collect data on the hypothesis (numbers, observations, make inferences).

11. Hypothesis Example hypothesis:
If I apply 0 tsp, 1 tsp, 2 tsp and 3 tsp of fertilizer on the plants, then the beans with 2 tsp of fertilizer will grow the tallest.

12. Step Three 3. Conduct a controlled EXPERIMENT.
A procedure that is carried out under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis.
Control- is the standard for comparison. Usually the “normal” conditions.
Example- The control for the bean experiment would be the plant that received zero tsp. of fertilizer.

13. Step Three: EXPERIMENT
Constants- the parts of an experiment that stays the same for all trials.
Example: In the plant experiment the amount of light would have to remain constant for all of the plants being tested.

14. Step Three: EXPERIMENT
Independent variable: The factor that scientists change in the experiment.
Example: Amount of fertilizer.
Dependant variable: The factors that change in response to the independent variable. (What we are trying to observe).
Example: Height of the plants.

15. ANALYZE RESULTS: Step Four
Look at data collected, use it to accept or reject the hypothesis.
Example: In the plant you would look at data to see which plants grew the tallest.

16. 5. Draw a CONCLUSION. Step Five
After you have analyzed data decide whether or not your hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
It’s OK if it is rejected!
Example: The plant with 1 tsp. of fertilizer grew the tallest, therefore our hypothesis is rejected.

17. Step Six CONSIDER BIAS AND REPEAT
Think about reasons why the experiment may have been bias.
Example: Was the plant experiment funded by an organic foods farm?
Repeat the experiment to see if you get the same results.
May lead to a new hypothesis.

18. What are the steps of the scientific method?1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

19. What is a Scientific Theory?
Theory= When a hypothesis is well supported and can be used to explain a broad range of data.
For example: The “Cell Theory” states that all living things are made up of cells.

20. Steps to Constructing a Theory

21. Chapter One Section Three
Tools of Biology

22. How do scientist measure?
Using SI=the International System of Units otherwise known as the “metric system.”
Everything is scaled in multiples of 10 to make it easier to use.
Most of the world uses this system for measuring.

24. Prefix Kilo- Centi- Milli- Common SI Units 1 1 liter (L) 1 meter (m)
Factor
Volume
Length
Mass
Kilo-
1,000
1 kiloliter= 1,000 L
1 kilometer= 1,000 m
1 kilogram
=1,000 g 1
1 liter (L)
1 meter (m)
1 gram (g)
Centi-
0.01
1 centiliter= 0.01 L
1 centimeter=
0.01 m
1 centigram =0.01 g
Milli-
0.001
1 millimeter =0.001 L
1 millimeter=
0.001 m
1 milligram =0.001 g

25. Lab Techniques
Microscopy-Using microscopes to magnify objects too small for the unaided eye.
Sterile techniques- A method to keep unwanted bacteria off of equipment.
Collecting data remotely- using tools such as GPS to track animals.

26. Sterile Technique

27. Parts of the microscope

28. Proper Way to Carry a Microscope

29. A Few Other Tools to Know:
Graduated Cylinder Erlenmeyer Flask

30. Lab Safety: Follow verbal and written instructions EXACTLY.
Never touch broken glass.
Keep purses, bags, extra books and other clutter off of the lab tables.
If there is any type of emergency remain calm and tell your teacher immediately.
Pay attention to what you are doing and do not wander around the room.

31. Chapter One Section Four
What is Biology

32. Biology is:
Biology is the study of ALL life.

33. Biology Includes:
Biochemistry-The study of chemistry in living things.
Ecology-The study of the environment.
Microbiology-The study of microscopic living things.
Botany- The study of plants.
Zoology-The study of animals.
Anatomy-The study of body structure.

34. All Living Things have 7 Characteristics of Life
Cells- All living things are made of at least one cell.
Homeostasis-Maintain internal conditions.
Metabolism- The sum of all chemical rxn in the body.
Reproduction- All living things have the ability to reproduce.
Responsiveness- Respond to the environment.
Heredity- All living things can pass on DNA to offspring.
Growth- All living things grow and develop with age.

35. 1. Cells
Every living thing is made up of at least one cell:

36. 2. Homeostasis
Homeostasis=When an organism maintains a stable internal environment.

37. 3. Metabolism
Metabolism=Any chemical reaction that occurs in a living body. (All living things do this).

38. 4. Responsiveness
All living things respond to their environment.

39. 5. Reproduction
Reproduction=The process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next.

40. 6. Heredity
Heredity=When an organism passes on it’s traits to offspring through DNA.
All living things contain DNA in their cells.

41. 7. Growth
All living things grow. Some for a short period of time and some for thousands of years like the sequoia.