1. Virus Review!
What are the two main parts that make up the structure of a virus?
What is the difference between an active and a hidden virus?
What is the term used to describe the chemical that prevents viruses? How does it actually work?
The influenza of 1918 is known as, “one of the worst pandemics the world has ever known.” What do think a pandemic is?

2. Bacteria
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3. Two Domains/ Two Kingdoms
DOMAINS: 1. Archaea Bacteria 3. Eukarya
KINGDOM Archaebacteria
Live in extreme enviroments
Water as hot as 110°C
Acidic as lemon juice
Intestines, mud, and sewage
Produce foul odors
KINGDOM Eubacteria
DO NOT live in extreme enviroments
Live everywhere else
Coat your skin
Swarm in your nose
Most are either useful or harmless to you

4. Bacteria
HISTORY: Anton van Leeuwenhoek found bacteria first in teeth scrapings
STRUCTURE:
single celled prokaryotes
DNA floats in cytoplasm (no nucleus)
Ribosomes; no other organelles

5. Three cell shapes Rodlike (Phylum Bacilli) Spherical (Phylum Cocci)
Spiral Shaped
(Phylum Spirilli)

6. Phylum Cocci Streptococcus aureus Causes Strep Throat
Staphylococcus aureus
Causes staph infections
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Causes a sexually transmitted disease called gonorrhea

7. Phylum Bacilli Escherechi coli Causes food poisoning
Bacillus anthracis
Causes anthrax, can grow in aerobic OR anaerobic environments
Bacillus thuringiensis
A bacterium found in soil that keeps away insects.

8. Phylum Spirilla Borrelia burgdorferi
Found in intestines of ticks, carries Lyme disease
Treponema pallidum
Causes the sexually transmitted disease, syphilis.
Spirillum minus found in rodents causes rat bite fever in those people who come in contact with infected rats

9. How do Bacterial Cells Move?
Flagellum – a long whip-like structure that moves the cell like a propeller.
May also have tiny protein fibers called pili.
Most bacteria without flagellum cannot move on their own and must rely on other things to move them.

10. Two Types of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction – involves two parents who combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents.
Conjugation – one bacterium transfers some of its genetic material to another bacterium through a thin, threadlike bridge that joins the two cells
The term sexual reproduction is loosely used here. There is an exchange of DNA, however no NEW cells are created.
A pilus bridges from one cell to the other

11. Two Types of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction – reproductive process that only involves one parent and produces offspring that are
Binary Fission – process by which one cell divides to form two identical cells. A form of asexual reproduction.
identical to the parent.

12. Stages of Bacterial Growth
LAG PHASE: Growth is slow at first, while the microbes acclimate to the food and nutrients in their new habitat.
LOG PHASE: Once used to the environment, they start multiplying exponentially, doubling in number every few minutes.
STATIONARY PHASE: As more and more microbes are competing for dwindling food and nutrients, booming growth stops and the number of bacteria stabilizes.
DEATH PHASE: Toxic waste products build up, food is depleted and the microbes begin to die.
Lag

13. Getting Food Some bacteria are autotrophic and make their own food.
They can use the sun’s energy the same way plants do (photosynthesis), or they can use chemical substances in their environment to make food (chemosynthesis).
Other bacteria are heterotrophic. They get their food by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
Getting Food

14. Respiration
Like many other organisms most bacteria need oxygen to break down their food to get energy. (AEROBES)
A few kinds of bacteria do not need oxygen, and it is actually like poison to them. (ANAEROBES)
An anaerobic bacteria found in soil

15. Is All Bacteria Bad?
Bacteria is not all bad. There are several ways in which Bacteria is helpful.
1. Involved in fuel and food production
2. Environmental recycling and cleanup.
3. Decomposers - break down large chemicals in dead organisms into small chemicals

16. Illness and Health Some bacteria can make you sick.
Bacterial diseases can be passed in many ways.
Direct contact, like touching, hugging, or kissing.
Indirect contact, such as inhaling drops of moisture, or sharing food and drink.
Who has a cell phone?

17. Treatment?
Bacterial diseases are treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin, and amoxicillin.
A chemical that can kill bacteria without harming a person’s own cells.
You also have bacteria in you digestive system to help break down food.

18. Bacteria Review