1. Microbiology

2. Microbiology Study of very small life forms Most are not harmful
Can’t see them with the eye
Most are not harmful
Used for
Vitamins
Antibiotics
Some food products
Yogurts
cheese etc.
Some are harmful
Pathogens
Disease causing micro-organisms
Includes
Bacteria,
Viruses
Protozoa
Rickettsiae,
Yeasts
molds

3. Important people in Microbiology
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Ground lenses (glass) to magnify things
Saw moving micro-organisms
In plaque
Wrote about findings.
Father of Microbiology.

4. Important people in Microbiology
Louis Pasteur
Experimented w/ fermentation
Proved bacteria causes disease.
Proved heat killed bacteria and spores
Work led to canned food.
“Pasteurization”
Heat product to kill germs. (Milk, beer)

5. Important people in Microbiology
Robert Koch
Proved specific bacteria causes specific diseases.
Etiologic agent
Aka causitive agent
Developed Koch’s Postulates
Steps to prove that bacteria caused disease.

6. Gram Stain Helps ID the group of bacteria Gram Positive Gram Negative
Developed by Dr. Christian Gram
Cells place on a slide
Dye added
Rinse w/ iodine
Dry
Rinse w/ water and acetone alcohol
Cell is observed.
Gram Positive
Cell will appear:
Dark purple
Gram Negative
To lose color
Appear clear
Appear “pink” not purple

7. Gram Stain

8. Bacteria Tiny Single celled Living organism Killed w/ antibiotics
No chlorophyll
molecule that absorbs sunlight
Divide every 20 min.
Warm Dark Moist
Killed w/ antibiotics

9. Spores Spores Bacteria that has Sporulated or is Sporulating Resists
Coats itself in
Layers of protein
Ensures survival
Resists
Drying / Heat
Boiling
Most chemicals
radiation
Used in autoclave
“biological monitor”

10. Bacteria and Oxygen Aerobic Anaerobic Needs O2 to grow and live
Most bacteria are aerobic
Certain Neisseria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus, or staph
Anaerobic
Die with O2
Can only live without O2
Gram-negative anaerobes
Porphyromonas (periodontitis)
Gram-positive anaerobes
Peptostreptococcus (oral infections)

11. Bacteria and Oxygen Facultative anaerobic bacteria Grow and live
With or Without O2
They cause
Oral and dental infections.
Bacteremia
bacteria in the blood stream
Endocarditis.
Inflammation inside layer of the heart.

12. Bacteria Morphology Cocci Bacilli Round Circular Spherical Rod
streptococcus
Bacilli
Rod
Straight
Lactobacilli

13. Bacteria Morphology Spirilla Vibrous Spiral Spring Corkscrew C shaped
Helicobacter pylori
Vibrous
C shaped
Curved (comma)
Vibrio cholerae

14. Bacteria arrangements
Single Cell
Pairs
Clusters
Chains
Colonies (lg. clusters)

15. Bacterial diseases Tuberculosis Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus
Strep throat
Pneumonia
Rheumatic fever
Staph infection
Gangrene
Toxic shock
Venereal diseases
Aka (STD’s)
Chlamydia
Anthrax

16. Protozoa Single celled animal life Live in fluids: Causes; Dysentery
Aka ameoba
Live in fluids:
Blood
Saliva
Intestines
Polluted water
Pools
ponds
Causes;
Dysentery
Severe diarrhea
Malaria
Severe ‘flu’
Sleeping sickness
Periodontal disease
Found in:
Plaque
Perio pockets

17. Yeasts and molds Includes: Form of plant life Causes Treatment
Bread yeast
Mushrooms
Bread molds
Form of plant life
No chlorophyll
Cannot be killed w/ antibiotics.
Used for
Bacteria / protozoa
Causes
Candidiasis
Aka thrush
Fungal infection of:
Mouth
Vaginal area
Treatment
Anti-fungal drugs

18. Virus Smallest microorganism Needs a host cell to reproduce.
Most are anaerobic
Die w/ exposure to air.
Not killed w/ antibiotics
Polio Virus

19. Examples of viral infections
Measles
Rubella
(German measles)
Mumps
Infection of the
Parotid salivary glands
Polio
Chicken pox
Cold
Influenza (flu)
Hepititis
HIV
AIDS

20. Routes of exposure Direct contact. Indirect contact. Inhalation
Sneezing into an open mouth.
Touching open sores.
Indirect contact.
Sneeze onto hand, touch door handle, next person touches handle.
Inhalation
Aspirating / breathing in.

21. How the body resists diseases
1st line of defense.
Intact skin
Sneezing
Coughing
Vomiting
Diarrhea
2nd line of defense.
Circulatory system
Wbc’s delivered to area of infection.
Inflammation
4 signs of inflammation
Erythema (redness)
Edema
(swelling)
Heat
Pain

22. How the body resists diseases
3rd line of defense
Antibodies
Produce immunity from specific pathogens.
Disease causing microorganism
Antigen
Pathogens that cause body to produce antibodies.
Allergen
An antigen that causes an over-reaction
Can cause anaphylactic shock.

23. Immunity A person/bodies ability to resist a pathogen or disease.
Two kinds
Natural
Born w/ it.
Acquired
Have to get it.
Naturally
Artificially

24. Acquired immunity Passive Active
Antibodies from another person are injected into you.
Immediate
Short term
6 weeks
Breast milk provides some passive immunity to baby
Active
Natural acquired
Person gets a disease, body produces antibodies, should not get disease again.
Artificial acquired
Immunization
Antigen is injected
Antibodies are produced

25. Conclusion
Understanding the disease process and how it affects the human body is very important.
You are the “expert”!
Don’t ever diagnose!
When in doubt…ask questions.
Any questions?????????