1. Biotechnology Technology is the application of scientific knowledge, skills, materials, labor, and wealth for a practical purpose Biotechnology is application of biological principles, organisms, and products to practical purposes

2. Living Ability to reproduce Ability to extract energy from the environment Unit of Life: The Cell Cell: Interior (cytoplasm) surronded by a barrier called a cell membrane

3. Living Systems Cells Biological Molecules Chemical Reactions

7. Cells Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria, single-celled organisms, primitive, single internal compartment Eukaryotic cells: Yeasts-Plants-Mammals, many internal compartments including a nucleus

9. Prokaryotic Cell

10. Cell Membrane

11. Membranes between Neurons

12. Plant Cell

13. Lily Parenchyma Cell

14. Animal Cell

15. Liver Cell

16. Nucleus The nucleus occurs only in eukaryotic cells, and is the location of the majority of different types of nucleic acids. All DNA is restricted to the nucleus. Ribonucleic acid, RNA, is formed in the nucleus by coding off of the DNA bases. RNA moves out into the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is an area of the nucleus (usually 2 nucleoli per nucleus) where ribosomes are constructed.

17. Liver cell nucleus and nucleolus

18. Structure of the nuclear envelope and nuclear pores.

19. Nucleus with Nuclear Pores

20. The Cytoskeleton

21. Actin and tubulin components of the cytoskeleton.

22. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum is a mesh of interconnected membranes that serve a function involving protein synthesis and transport. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER) is so-named because of its rough appearance due to the numerous ribosomes that occur along the ER. Rough ER connects to the nuclear envelope through which the messenger RNA (mRNA) that is the blueprint for proteins travels to the ribosomes. Smooth ER; lacks the ribosomes characteristic of Rough ER and is thought to be involved in transport and a variety of other functions.

23. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

24. Golgi apparatus Golgi Complexes are flattened stacks of membrane-bound sacs. They function as a packaging plant, modifying vesicles from the Rough ER. New membrane material is assembled in various cisternae of the golgi.

25. Golgi Apparatus in a plant parenchyma cell

26. Mitochondrion Mitochondria contain their own DNA (termed mDNA) and are thought to represent bacteria-like organisms incorporated into eukaryotic cells over 700 million years ago (perhaps even as far back as 1.5 billion years ago). They function as the sites of energy release(following glycolysis in the cytoplasm) and ATP formation (by chemiosmosis). The mitochondrion has been termed the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria are bounded by two membranes. The inner membrane folds into a series of cristae, which are the surfaces on which ATP is generated.

27. Muscle Cell Mitochondria

28. Biological Molecules Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates

29. Polymers A chain of small molecules, called monomers Chemically linked to form larger molecules Linear polymers able to be made in universal fashion

30. Polymers

31. Lipids Hydrophobic fat and oil molecules Micelles, Monolayer, Bilayered Vesicle Basic building block of membranes Semipermeable: allows some stuff in/out, not other (hydrophyllic toxins)

34. Proteins Transporters, Structural, Chemical Processors Polymer made from 20 monomers (amino acids) 300 monomers long - 20^300 possible proteins Chemical groups to link together, and side groups that uniquely identify monomer

35. Side groups can interact to fold protein Units chemically active Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids Secondary Structure - Alpha helix Tertiary Structure - Folded Shape

36. Polymers

42. Nucleic Acids Storage and Transmission of biological information within the cell Linear Polymers built from nucleotides Two Kinds: RNA and DNA More Later

45. Carbohydrates Sugars and Starches Structural Elements Energy Source

46. Chemical Reactions Chemical Bonds Biological Thermodynamics Oxidation-Reduction

47. Chemical Bonds Forces that hold molecules together Ionic Covalent Hydrogen

48. Ionic Bonds From between an atom that easily gives up an electron and another that readily accepts an electron Doner becomes negative, Acceptor becomes positive Strong Interaction with water, forms hydration shell arount ionic materials Relatively weak, NaCl

50. Covalent Bonds Atoms share electrons Atom’s ability to attract electron is electronegativity Different -> Ionic Middle -> Covalent, Carbon Polar Covalent Bonds is partially ionic

52. Hydrogen Bond Water, O (negative), H (positive), shielding effect, slightly polar H to O or N, Hydrogen Bond Water surrounds everything in the cell Need to move water to interact Hydrogen Bonds are very weak

55. Hydrophobic Forces Interaction of biomolecules and water key force in shape of larger structures Lipids: Hydrophobic head, hydrophyllic tail Proteins: Hydrophobic Groups DNA: Helix formation and Base stacking

56. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation: Loss of electron, frequently accompanied by giving off energy Reduction: Gaining of Electrons

62. Activation Energy Energy to get chemical reaction started Cells lower this energy through enzymatic catalysis Acitvation Energy is overhead to bring reactants together Catalyst assists the process, and lowers activation energy Catalyst not changed by reaction

63. Enzymes Almost always proteins Join reactants so that reactions become more favorable Anabolic: Building up reactions Catabolic: Breaking down reactions