1. LIFE IS CELLULAR

2. LIFE CAN BE FOUND IN THE FORM
SINGLE CELL ORGANISM
MULTI-CELL ORGANISM

3. HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT THE CELL?
ROBERT HOOKE-1665
First light
microscope
Cork made of “cells”

4. ANTON VAN LEEUVENHOEK- 1676
Used simple microscope to observe living organisms in water

5. MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN- 1838
Plants made of cells

6. THEODOR SCHWANN- 1839 Animals made of cells
Schwann cells cover axon of nerve cell

7. RUDOLPH VIRCHOW- 1855
Cells come from existing cells

9. JANET PLOWE- 1931 Cell membrane is a defined physical structure
NO PICTURE FOUND

10. Lynn Margoulis- 1970
Some organelles inside cells used to be independent organisms.

11. Review: Biologists and Their Discoveries That Led to The Cell Theory
Robert Hooke
Anton van Leeuvenhoek
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Rudolph Virchow
Janet Plowe
Lynn Margoulis
First light microscope, cork made of “cells”
Simple microscope, living organisms in water
Plants made of cells
Animals made of cells
Cells come from existing cells
Cell membrane is physical structure
Some organelles inside cells used to be independent organisms.

12. What is the Cell Theory? Is It current? YES Three Main Components:
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.
Is It current?
YES

13. TWO CATAGORIES FOR DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

14. PROKARYOTE Smaller and simpler Have cell membrane and cytoplasm
No nuclei
But, contain DNA within cytoplasm
Contain ribosomes
All bacteria are prokaryotes
All singled-celled
They grow, reproduce, respond to change
Some move

15. EUKARYOTE Vary in shape, some large Have cell membrane and cytoplasm
Have nuclei and many other organelles (ribosome)
Some single-celled beings
Many multi-celled beings
All plants, animals, fungi, and many microorganisms are eukaryotes
They grow, reproduce, respond to change

16. CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

17. Cell Wall
Location?
Outer most boundary in plant, bacteria and fungi cells
*Not found in animal cells.
Function?
Provides support and protection for the cell
Helps maintain cell shape

18. Cell Membrane Location?
Outer boundary of animal and protist cells. Outer edge of cytoplasm.
Function?
Regulates what enters and exits the cell
Supports cell structures and provides strong barrier between cell and surroundings.
Construction?
Lipid bilayer, also containing proteins and carbohydrates
Can be found in animal and plant cells.

19. Nucleus Location? In all cells but bacteria cells
Often most prominent structure in center of cell
Function?
Controls cell processes
Stores hereditary information in DNA
Codes for protein synthesis and other important molecules (making of proteins most important role of cell)
Can be found in animal and plant cells.

20. Binuclear, Binucleate, and Multinucleate Cells
Some cells have more than one nucleus. Examples: Cells that destroy bone Some liver cells Skeletal muscle cells

21. Nuclear Envelope Location? Surrounds nucleus Function?
Double membrane layer that contains pores which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus
Steady stream of RNA and other info-carrying molecules to the rest of the cell
Can be found in animal and plant cells.

22. Chromatin
Location?
Most of the time it is spread throughout the nucleus
Function?
Granular in structure, it contains DNA that control cell activities and protein synthesis. This DNA is bound to protein.
Pass genetic info from one generation to the next
Can be found in animal and plant cells.

23. Chromosomes Location? Inside and throughout the nucleus
Seen during cell division
Description?
Chromatin condenses into threads to form Chromosomes
Function?
Contains DNA that control cell activities and protein synthesis
Pass genetic info from one generation to the next
Can be found in animal and plant cells.

24. Nucleolus Location? Dark spherical mass inside the nucleus Function?
Assembly of ribosomes begin here
Can be found in animal and plant cells.

25. Cytoplasm
Location?
Material inside the cell membrane but not including the nucleus.
Contains many structures called organelles
Some cells may contain cytoskeleton
Function?
Establishes living condition to supply and transport materials for cell activities
Can be found in animal and plant cells.

26. Organelles act as if they are specialized organs so the name organelle literally means “little organs”.

27. Cytoskeleton Location?
Extending from nucleus to cell membrane in some cells
Found mainly in animal cells
Description?
Made up of protein filaments called microtubules and microfilaments
Function?
Helps cell maintain shape and involved in many forms of cell movement

28. Centrioles
Location?
Paired structures just outside the nuclear envelope in the cytoplasm
Only in animal cells
Function?
During cell division, centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus
Help organize the spindle that separate the chromosomes

29. Cilia & Flagella Location? Both extend from the surface of the cell
Description?
Cilia – numerous, short, hair-like projections
Flagella- one or two, longer whip-like structures
Function?
Both used to propel individual cells through environment
Found only on animal cells.
Flagella
Cilia

30. Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Location?
Extend from nuclear envelop to cell membrane
Description?
Rough E.R. – contain ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – do not contain ribosomes
Function?
Transport materials
Rough E.R. modify proteins for secretion
Smooth E.R. contains enzymes that make lipids for the membrane and detoxify drugs
Can be found in animal and plant cells.

31. Ribosome Location? In nucleus, cytoplasm, and Rough E.R. Function?
Produce proteins following coded instruction that come from the nucleus. They are made of RNA and protein.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.

32. Golgi Apparatus Location? Near E.R. and nucleus Function?
Stack of membranes that accept proteins produced by the rough E.R.
Contain enzymes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins (“package proteins”)
Proteins then sent to final destinations
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the rough ER.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.

33. Lysosome Location? Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
Rare in plant cells
Mainly found in animal cells, some plants cells store digestive enzymes in vacuoles.
Function?
Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell.
Also a “cell cleaner” to break down old organelles that have outlived their usefulness and dead pathogens.
Lysosomes remove “junk” that might other wise accumulate and clutter up the cell.
A number of serious human diseases, including Tay-Sachs disease, can be traced to lysosomes that fail to function properly.
© 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

34. Secretory vesicle Location? Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
Function?
Small organelles that secrete material from the cell. Cell secretions such as hormones and neurotransmitters, are packaged in secretory vesicles at the Golgi apparatus. The secretory vesicles are then transported to the cell surface for release.
They are transport for cellular products.
Mainly found in animal cells

35. Plant Vacuole Location? Saclike structure in the cytoplasm
Description?
Plant cells – Single, large central vacuole
Function?
Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
Pressure in plant vacuole aid in support of plant cell and help support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers (lack of water – wilting)

36. Vacuoles Location? Saclike structures in the cytoplasm Description?
Animal & Protists – Small, multiple vacuoles
Function?
Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
Remove excess water from cell (contractile vacuole)

37. Chloroplasts Location?
Found in cytoplasm of plants, some protists and bacteria
Function?
Use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules (glucose).
The name of this process?
Photosynthesis
Note: Chloroplasts contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the chloroplast.
Only found in plant cells.

38. Mitochondria Location? Throughout the cytoplasm
More numerous in cells that have high energy requirements.
Function?
Organelles that release energy in the form of ATP from stored food molecules (glucose)
The name of this process?
Cellular Respiration
Note: Mitochondria contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the mitochondrion.
*They are the ‘power house’ of the cell.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

39. Plant Mitochondria

40. Human Liver Cell Mitochondria

41. Cell song
If you learn the cell song that I give you and sing it to the class by next Friday you will get a free 100 that will be the same as a prefix quiz (which is a test grade).
You can partner up but you both have to sing the entire song to get the full 100.
You can put it to any tune as long as it is appropriate.

42. Review: Cell Structures and Functions
A.  Cell Membrane
B.  Centriole
C.  Chromosomes (DNA)
D.  ER (rough)
E.  ER (smooth)
F.  Golgi apparatus
G.  Mitochondrion
H.  Nucleus
I.   Nucleolus
J.  Ribosomes
K. Specialized Vesicle, a Lysosome
M.  Vesicle/Vacuole
E SMOOTH ER
J RIBOSOMES
D ROUGH ER
K LYSOSOME, SPECIALIZED VESICLE
M VESICLE/VACUOLE
C CHROMOSOMES
H NUCLEUS
I NUCLEOLUS
E SMOOTH ER
A CELL MEMBRANE
B CENTRIOLE
F GOLGI APPARATUS
G MITOCHONDRION
M VESICLE/VACUOLE

43. Cell Quiz Answer Key E Smooth E.R. J Ribosome D Rough E.R.
K Lysosome (Special vesicle)
M Vesicle/Vacuole
C Chromosome
H Nucleus
I Nucleolus
A Cell Membrane
B Centriole
F Golgi Apparatus
G Mitochondrion

44. Recognition is given to the following URL addresses where the images in this PowerPoint were found.
Plant cell :
Cell phone image:
Mass quantities of cell phones:
Moving amoeba:
Frog:
Hooke:
Hooke’s microscope:
Hooke’s cork:
Leeuvenhoek:
Leeuvenhoek’s pond organisms:
Schleiden:
Schleiden plant cell:
Schwann:
Schwann cell diagram:
Virchow:
Virchow mitosis:
Cell looks like me cartoon:
Cell membrane Janet Plowe:

45. Recognition continued:
Female:
Paramecium:
Prokaryotic cell:
Bacteria cell wall:
Cell Wall:
Animated Cell Parts Intro:
Cell membrane channel proteins:
Cell diagram:
Cell nucleus:
Nuclear envelope:
Resting cell actual mitosis:
Cell Chromosomes:
Nucleolus (actual):
Cytoplasm diagram:
Microtubules and microfilaments:
Centrioles actual:
Centrioles:
Cilia and flagella together good:
Smooth and rough e.r. diagram:
Smooth and rough e.r. only diagram:
Smooth and rough e.r. actual:

46. Recognition continued:
Ribosome protein syn diagram:
Ribosome and Cell:
Golgi diagram:
Golgi actual:
Lysosome diagram good:
Plant vacuole diagram:
Vacuole contractile:
Vacuoles actual:
Wilted plant:
Phagocyte vacuoles:
Chromatin is DNA wound tightly:
Plant cell diagram:
Mitochondria complete:
Mitochondria in actual plant cell:
Mitochondria actual:
Cell Quiz :

47. Can be found in animal and plant cells.

48. These are usually larger in plant cells than they are in animal cells.
Mainly found in animal cells, some plants cells store digestive enzymes in vacuoles.
Only found in plant cells.
Found only on animal cells.
Found only in animal cells.
Found in plant, some fungi and some protist cells.